CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(IMonographs) 


ICIMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Instituta  for  Hiatorical  Microraproductiona  /  Inatitut  Canadian  da  microraproductiona  hiatoriquaa 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notts  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


•i 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


El 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      1   Covers  damaged  / 


Couverture  endommag^e 


□   Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restaurSe  et/ou  pellicul^e 

Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

0   Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material  / 
ReliS  avep  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion  along 
interior  margin  /  La  reliurp  serr^e  peut  causer  de 
I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge 
int^rieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  / 11  se  peut  que  certaines  pages 
blanches  ajout^es  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  ^tait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  ^t^  film^es. 

Additional  comments  / 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


D 
D 
D 


D 


D 


This  Htm  It  f itmtd  tl  tht  rtduellon  ritle  ehtektd  btlow  / 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  te  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
^t^  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sont  peut-6tre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  m^tho- 
de  normale  de  filmage  sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 

I     I  Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I I  Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommag6es 


D 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul^es 


I    ~y  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Lkd  Pages  ddcolor^es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached  /  Pages  d6tach6es 

\\/\  Showthrough / Transparence 

I     I  Quality  of  print  varies  / 


D 
D 


D 


Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata  slips, 
tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  totalement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  M  film^es  k  nouveau  de  fa9on  k 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
film^es  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


' 

lOx 

14x 

•"  — *i 

18x 

22x 

26x 

30x 

y 

12x 

16x 

20x 

24x 

28x 

32x 

Th«  copy  film»d  h«r«  has  b««n  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grica  A  la 
gAnirosit*  da: 

Bibliotheque  nationale  du  Canada 


Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  eonsidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacif icationa. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impraa- 
sion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion.  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  writh  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  imprassion. 


Tha  last  rscordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  — »>  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED'i.  or  tha  symbol  ▼  (moaning  "END"). 
whichavar  applias. 


Las  imagas  suivantas  ont  At*  raproduitas  avoc  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nanat*  da  l'axamplaira  film*,  at  an 
conformit*  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 

Laa  axamplairaa  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  aat  imprim*a  sont  film*s  an  commancant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darni*ra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  sutras  axamplairas 
originaux  sont  film*s  sn  commancant  par  la 
prami*ra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'impraasion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darni*ra  paga  qui  comporta  una  tall* 
amprainta. 

Un  daa  symboias  suivants  spparaltra  sur  la 
darni*ra  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha.  salon  la 
cas:  la  symbols  — ^  signifis  "A  SUIVRE".  la 
symbols  ▼  signifis  "FIN". 


Mapa,  platas.  charts,  ate.  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axposura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  cornor.  loft  to 
right  and  top  to  bonom,  as  many  framas  as 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagrams  illustrata  tha 
mathod: 


Las  cartas,  pianchas.  tabiaaux.  ate.  pauvant  *tra 
film*s  *  daa  taux  da  r*duction  diff*rants. 
Lorsqua  la  documant  ast  trap  grand  pour  *tra 
raproduit  an  un  saul  clich*.  il  ast  film*  *  psrtir 
da  I'angla  sup*riaur  gaucha.  da  gaucha  *  droita. 
at  da  haut  an  bas.  an  pranant  la  nombra 
d'imagaa  n*cassaira.  Las  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrsnt  la  mOthoda. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

MKIOCOrv   RESOWTION   TBT  CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    21 


A 


/1PPLIEG  IM/EE     Inc 


'fi*!!   t.-m    Mo.n    St.^** 

"f-- ^'♦slei.    New    '   -h  '4609 


Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace 


DIVISION  OF  INTERNATIONAL  LAW 


THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE 

THE  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION 

THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


EDITED  WITH  AN  INTRODUCTORY  NOTE 
BY 

JAMES    BROWN    SCOTT 

DIRECTOR 


NEW  YORK 
OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

AMERICAN  BRANCH:  35  WlIT  32MD  Stiict 

LONDON.  TORONTO.  MELBOURNE.  AND  BOMBAY 

HUMPHREY    MILFORD 

1917 


I  ^   I 


«        < 


Introductory  Note 

Three  documents  are  fundamental  in  the  history  of  the  United  States 
and  are  destined  to  be,  if  they  arc  not  already,  fundamental  in  the 
world's  development.  These  documents  are  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence (1776),  the  Articles  of  Confederation  (1781),  and  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  (1789).  In  view  of  their  importance,  it 
may  seem  strange— but  it  is  nevertheless  a  fact— that  it  is  hard  to  find 
them  within  the  compass  of  a  single  volume,  unencumbered  with  ex- 
traneous matter.  They  are  therefore  brought  together  and  printed  in 
convenient  form  without  note  or  annotation,  although  a  few  words 
have  been  prefixed  by  way  of  introduction,  kept,  however,  separate 
and  distinct  frcin  the  text  of  these  immortal  documents. 

There  are  three  impelling  reasons  which  justify  and  require  their 
republication  at  this  time. 

International  peace  is  only  desirable  and  can  only  be  permanent 
if  it  be  based  upon  justice.  To  effect  this,  the  conception  of  the  State 
as  possessing  unlimited  power  must  be  rejected  in  favor  of  the  con- 
ception of  the  State  as  the  agent  of  the  people  creating  it,  subjecting  it 
to  law  and  to  the  law  of  its  creation — a  conception  which  has  never  been 
put  in  clearer,  more  concise,  and  more  revolutionary  form  than  in 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  of  the  United  States.  It  is  upon  this 
kind  of  a  State  that  we  must  build,  and  the  society  of  nations  must  be 
composed  of  nations  subjected  to  law,  if  the  principles  of  justice  con- 
trolling the  conduct  of  men  are  to  control  the  actions  of  nations. 

The  Articles  of  Confederation  of  the  United  States  furnish  an  ex- 
ample of  a  league  of  independent  States  associated  for  limited  and 
specified  purposes.  The  union  formed  by  the  Articles  was  a  diplomatic 
not  a  constitutional  union,  and  it  is  therefore  of  interest  and  of  value 
to  those  who  would  form  a  league  of  States  of  a  diplomatic  character. 
Again,  the  Articles  are  of  importance  because  they  provided  in  their 
ninth  article  a  method  of  settling  disputes  between  States  by  means 


IV 


of  temporary  commissions,  not  unlike  the  method  ultimately  adopted 
by  the  First  Hague  Peace  Conference  of  1899. 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  affords  an  example  of  sov- 
ereign, free,  and  independent  States  creating  a  general  agency  which 
their  delegates  called  the  United  States,  investing  it  with  the  exercise 
of  certain  sovereign  powers,  and  reserving  in  the  tenth  Amendment 
sovereignty  to  the  States  together  with  the  exercise  of  all  sovereign 
powers  that  were  not  directly  or  indirectly  granted  to  the  Union  and 
whose  exercise  the  States  did  not  renounce.  Like  the  Articles  of  Con- 
federation, the  Constitution  is  memorable,  and  indeed  more  memo- 
rable, for  its  method  of  settling  disputes  between  the  States.  The 
Articles  of  Confederation  proposed  settlement  by  temporary  commis- 
sion, the  Constitution  by  a  permanent  Court  of  Justice. 

In  order  that  the  documents  here  printed  shall  be  of  value  to  the 
reader  who  happens  to  be  interested  in  international  organization,  it 
should  appear  that  the  States  declaring  their  independence  were  States 
in  the  sense  of  international  law ;  that  the  States  forming  a  confedera- 
tion were  likewise  States  in  the  sense  of  international  law;  and  that 
the  States  meeting  in  conference  in  1787  to  draft  a  more  perfect  union 
were  States  in  the  sense  of  international  law,  and  their  representatives 
were  delegates  to  an  international  conference  in  the  sense  in  which 
that  term  is  understood  in  diplomacy.  To  make  this  clear  and  to  re- 
lieve the  reader  of  any  reasonable  doubts  which  he  may  have  on  these 
points,  it  is  .dvisable  to  quote  in  this  connection  appropriate  passages 
from  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the  Articles  of  Confederation, 
and  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  It  is  also  necessary  to  show 
that  in  the  more  perfect  Union  of  the  Constitution  the  States  com- 
posing it  ony  granted  to  this  more  perfect  Union  certain  specified 
powers  of  sovereignty  and  retained  all  other  sovereign  powers  which 
they  did  not  grant  or  o*  which  they  did  not  divest  themselves.  For  if 
the  States  composing  the  Union  under  the  Constitution  are  mere 
provinces,  the  Constitution  can  have  little  or  no  interest  to  persons 
interested  in  international  organization  who  look  to  the  organization 
of  the  American  Union  for  a  prototype  of  the  eventual  organization 


of  the  society  of  nations.  The  nature  of  the  Union  and  the  relation 
of  the  States  to  their  agency,  the  Ur.ned  States,  can  best  be  shown  by 
the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  which  in 
the  American  system  interprets  the  Constitution,  treaties,  statutes  of 
Congress,  the  Constitutions  and  the  laws  of  States  whenever  a  federal 
question  is  involved. 

In  the  Preamble  to  the  Declaration  of  Independence  the  revolution- 
ary statesmen  dissolved  the  political  bands  connecting  them  with  the 
mother  country  in  order  "to  assume  among  the  Powers  of  the  earth, 
the  separate  and  equal  station  to  which  the  Laws  of  Nature  and  of 
Nature's  God  entitle  them."  That  was  the  purpose  of  the  Declaration. 
The  result  of  it  is  appropriately  stated  in  the  final  paragraph  of  that 
immortal  document: 

We,  therefore,  the  Representatives  of  the  united  States  of 
America,  in  General  Congress,  Assembled,  appealing  to  the  Su- 
preme Judge  of  the  world  for  the  rectitude  of  our  intentions,  do, 
in  the  Name,  and  by  Authority  of  the  good  People  of  these  Colo- 
nies, solemnly  publish  and  declare.  That  these  United  Colonies 
are,  and  of  Right  ought  to  be  Free  and  Independent  States ;  that 
they  are  Absolved  from  all  Allegiance  to  the  British  Crown,  and 
that  all  political  connection  between  them  and  the  State  of  Great 
Britain,  is  and  ought  to  be  totally  dissolved ;  and  that  as  Free  and 
Independent  States,  they  have  full  Power  to  levy  War,  conclude 
Peace,  contract  Alliances,  establish  Commerce,  and  to  do  all  other 
Acts  and  Things  which  Independent  States  may  of  right  do. 

The  second  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  declares  that  "Each 
State  retains  its  sovereignty,  freedom  and  independence,  and  every 
power,  jurisdiction  and  right,  which  is  not  by  this  confederation  ex- 
pressly delegated  to  the  United  States,  in  Congress  assembled." 

The  tenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  pro- 
vides that  "The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the 
Constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the 
States  respectively,  or  to  the  people."  The  sense  in  which  the  terms 
"States"  and  "people"  are  used  in  the  Constitution  and  the  relations 
of  the  States  to  the  United  States  are  thus  explained  in  the  following 


extracts  from  judgments  of  the  Supreme  Court  dealing  with  these  re- 
spective questions. 

In  the  leading  case  of  Sturges  v.  Crowninshield  (4  Wheaton,  122, 
192),  decided  in  1819,  Mr.  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  delivering  the 
opinion  of  the  court,  said : 

Previous  to  the  formation  of  the  new  constitution,  we  were  di- 
vided into  independent  states,  united  for  some  purposes,  but  in 
most  respects,  sovereign.  .  .  .  When  the  American  people 
created  a  national  legislature,  with  certain  enumerated  powers,  it 
was  neither  necessary  nor  proper  to  define  the  powers  retained  by 
the  states.  These  powers  proceed,  not  from  the  people  of  Amer- 
ica, but  from  the  people  of  the  several  states;  and  remain,  after 
the  adoption  of  ihe  constitution,  what  they  were  before,  except 
as  far  as  they  may  be  abridged  by  that  instrument. 

In  the  leading  case  of  Gibbons  v.  Ogden  (9  Wheaton.  1,  187),  decided 
in  1824,  Mr.  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  delivering  the  opinion  of  the 
court,  said: 

As  preliminary  to  the  very  able  discussions  of  the  constitution, 
which  we  have  heard  from  the  bar,  and  as  having  some  influence 
on  its  construction,  reference  has  been  made  to  the  political  situa- 
tion of  these  states,  anterior  to  its  formation.  It  has  been  said, 
that  they  were  sovereign,  were  completely  independent,  and  were 
connected  with  each  other  only  by  a  league.    This  is  true. 

In  the  leading  case  of  McCuIloch  v.  State  of  Maryland  (4  Wheaton, 
316,  403),  decided  in  1819,  Mr.  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  delivering 
the  opinion  of  the  court,  said : 

The  convention  which  framed  the  constitution  was  indeed  elected 
by  the  state  legislatures.  But  the  instrument,  when  it  came 
from  their  hands,  was  a  mere  proposal,  without  obligation,  or  pre- 
tensions to  it.  It  was  reported  to  the  then  existing  congress  of 
the  United  States,  with  a  request  that  it  might  "be  submitted  to 
a  convention  of  delegates,  chosen  in  each  state  by  the  people 
thereof,  under  the  recomnicndatioii  of  its  lii;islaturc.  for  their 
assent  and  ratification.''     This  mode  of  proceeding  was  adopted; 


Vll 

and  by  the  convention,  by  congress,  and  by  the  state  legislatures, 
the  instrument  was  submitted  to  the  people.  They  acted  upon  it 
in  the  only  manner  in  which  they  can  act  safely,  effectively  and 
wisely,  on  such  a  subject,  by  assembling  in  convention.  It  is  true, 
they  assembled  in  their  several  states— and  where  else  should  they 
have  assembled?  No  political  dreamer  was  ever  wild  enough  to 
think  of  breaking  down  the  lines  which  separate  the  states,  and  of 
compounding  the  American  people  into  one  common  mass.  Of 
consequence,  when  they  act.  they  act  in  their  states.  But  the 
measures  they  adopt  do  not,  on  tha  account,  cease  to  be  the 
measures  of  the  people  themselves,  or  become  the  measures  of 
the  state  governments. 

From  these  conventions,  the  constitution  derives  its  whole  au- 
thority. The  government  proceeds  directly  from  the  people;  is 
"ordained  and  established,"  in  the  name  of  the  people ;  and  is  de- 
clared to  be  ordained,  "in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  union, 
establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity,  and  secure  the  bless- 
ings of  liberty  to  themselves  and  to  their  posterity."  The  assent 
of  the  states,  in  their  sovereign  capacity,  is  implied,  in  calling  a 
convention,  and  thus  submitting  that  instrument  to  the  people. 
But  the  people  were  at  perfect  liberty  to  accept  or  reject  it ;  and 
their  act  was  final.  It  required  not  the  affirmance,  and  could  not 
be  negatived,  by  the  state  governments.  The  constitution,  when 
thus  adopted,  was  of  complete  obligation,  and  bound  the  state 
sovereignties. 

In  the  same  leading  case  of  McCulloch  v.  the  State  of  Maryland  (p. 
405)  Mr.  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  delivering  the  .pinion  of  the  court, 
said: 

This  government  is  acknowledged  by  all,  to  be  one  of  enumer- 
ated powers.  The  principle,  that  it  can  e.xercise  only  the  powers 
grants  1  to  it,  would  seem  too  apparent,  to  have  required  to  be  en- 
forced by  all  those  arguments,  which  its  enlightened  friends,  while 
it  was  depending  before  the  people,  found  it  necessary  to  urge; 
tliat  principle  is  now  universally  admitted.     .     .     . 

In  .America,  tlie  powers  of  sovereignty  are  divided  between  the 
governnunt  of  the  Union,  and  those  of  tlie  states.  Thiy  are  each 
sovereign,  with  respect  to  the  objects  committed  to  it,  and  neither 
sdvireign,  with  respect  to  the  objects  committed  to  the  other. 


VIII 


In  the  leading  case  of  Texas  v.  White  (7  Wallace.  700.  720),  decided 
in  1868,  Mr.  Chief  Justice  Chase,  delivering  the  opinion  of  the  court, 
said: 


Some  not  unimportant  aid,  however,  in  ascertaining  the  true 
sense  of  the  Constitution,  may  be  derived  from  considering  what 
is  the  correct  idea  of  a  State,  apart  from  any  union  or  confedera- 
tion with  other  'States.  The  poverty  of  language  often  compels 
the  employment  of  terms  in  quite  different  significations ;  and  of 
this  hardly  any  example  more  signal  is  to  be  found  than  in  the  use 
of  the  word  we  are  now  considering.  It  would  serve  no  useful 
purpose  to  attempt  an  enumeration  of  all  the  various  senses  in 
which  it  is  used.    A  few  only  need  be  noticed. 

It  describes  sometimes  a  people  or  community  of  individuals 
united  more  or  less  closely  in  political  relations,  inhabiting  tem- 
porarily or  permanently  the  same  country ;  often  it  denotes  only 
the  country  or  territorial  region,  inhabited  by  such  a  community ; 
not  unfrequently  it  is  applied  to  the  government  under  which  the 
people  live ;  at  other  times  it  represents  the  combined  idea  of  peo- 
ple, territory,  and  government. 

It  is  not  difficult  to  see  that  in  all  these  senses  the  primary 
conception  is  that  of  a  people  or  community.  The  people,  in 
whatever  territory  dwelling,  either  temporarily  or  permanently, 
and  whether  organized  under  a  regular  government,  or  united  by 
looser  and  less  definite  relations,  constitute  the  state. 

This  is  undoubtedly  the  fundamental  idea  upon  which  the  re- 
publican institutions  of  our  own  country  are  established.  It  was 
stated  very  clearly  by  an  eminent  judge  (Mr.  Justice  Paterson. 
in  Penhallow  v.  Doane's  Admrs..  3  Dallas.  93^.  in  one  of  the 
earliest  cases  adjudicated  by  this  court,  and  we  are  not  aware  of 
anything,  in  any  subsequent  decision,  of  a  different  tenor. 

In  the  Constitution  the  term  state  most  frequently  expresses  the 
combined  idea  just  noticed,  of  people,  territory,  and  governnipnt. 
A  state,  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  Constitution,  is  a  political 
community  of  free  citizens,  occupying  a  territory  of  defined  b<iun- 
darirs,  and  organized  under  a  government  sanctioned  and  limited 
by  a  written  constitution,  and  established  by  the  consent  of  the 
Kovemed.  It  is  the  union  of  such  states,  under  a  cnmninn  con- 
stitution, which  forms  the  distinct  and  greater  political  unit,  which 


IX 

that  Constitution  designates  as  the  United  States,  and  makes  of 
the  people  and  states  which  compose  it  one  people  and  one  country. 
1  lie  use  of  the  word  in  this  sense  hardly  requires  further  re- 
mark. In  the  clauses  which  impose  prohibitions  upon  the  States 
in  respect  to  the  making  of  treaties,  emitting  of  bills  of  credit,  and 
laying  duties  of  tonnage,  and  which  guarantee  to  the  States  rep- 
resentation in  the  House  of  Representatives  and  in  the  Senate,  are 
found  some  instances  of  this  use  in  the  Constitution.  Others  will 
occur  to  every  mind. 

But  it  is  also  used  in  its  geographical  sense,  as  in  the  clauses 
which  require  that  a  representative  in  Congress  shall  be  an  in- 
habitant of  the  State  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen,  and  that  the 
trial  of  crimes  shall  be  held  within  the  State  where  committed. 

And  there  are  instances  in  which  the  principal  sense  of  the 
word  seems  to  be  that  primary  one  to  which  we  have  adverted, 
of  a  people  or  political  community,  as  distinguished  from  a  gov- 
ernment. 

In  this  latter  sense  the  word  seems  to  be  used  in  the  clause 
which  provides  that  the  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every 
State  in  the  Union  a  republican  form  of  government,  and  shall 
protect  each  of  them  against  invasion. 

In  this  clause  a  plain  distinction  is  made  between  a  State  and 
the  government  of  a  State.  ' 

Having  thus  ascertained  the  senses  in  which  the  word  state  is 
employed  in  the  Constitution,  we  will  proceed  to  consider  the 
proper  application  of  what  has  been  said. 

In  the  same  leading  case  of  Texas  v.  White  (p.  724),  Mr.  Chief  Jus- 
tice Chase,  delivering  the  opinion  of  the  court,  said: 


The  Union  of  the  States  never  was  a  purely  artificial  and  ar- 
bitrary relation.  It  began  imong  the  Colonies,  and  grew  out  of 
common  origin,  mutual  sympathies,  kindred  principles,  similar  in- 
terests, and  geographical  relations.  It  was  confimn-d  ,md 
strengthened  by  the  necessities  of  war,  and  received  definite  form, 
and  char-cter,  and  sanction  from  the  .Vrticles  of  Cr)nfe(ler,ition. 
By  these  the  Union  was  solemnly  declared  to  "be  perpetual."  .\nd 
wlicn  these  .Articles  were  found  to  be  inaileqtiatc  to  the  exiijencies 
of  the  country,  the  Constitution  was  ordained  "to  form  a  more 


perfect  Union."  It  is  difficult  to  convey  the  idea  of  indissoluble 
unity  more  clearly  than  by  these  words.  What  can  be  indissoluble 
if  a  perpetual  Union,  made  more  perfect,  is  not? 

But  the  perpetuity  and  indissolubility  of  the  Union,  by  no 
means  implies  the  loss  of  distinct  and  individual  exi^^^nce,  or 
of  the  right  of  self-government  by  the  States.  Under  thi  A.  *  ties 
of  Confederation  each  State  retained  its  sovereignty,  freedom, 
and  independence,  and  every  power,  jurisdiction,  and  right  not 
expressly  delegated  to  the  United  States.  Under  the  Constitution, 
though  the  powers  of  the  States  were  much  restricted,  still,  all 
powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States,  nor  prohibited  to  the 
States,  are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively,  or  to  the  people. 
And  we  have  already  had  occasion  to  remark  at  this  term,  that 
"the  people  of  each  State  compose  a  State,  having  its  own  govern- 
ment, and  endowed  with  all  the  functions  essential  to  separate  and 
independent  existence,"  and  that  "without  the  States  in  union, 
there  could  be  no  such  political  body  as  the  United  States." 
(County  of  Lane  v.  The  State  of  Oregon,  supra,  p.  76.)  Not 
only,  therefore,  can  there  be  no  loss  of  separate  and  independent 
autonomy  to  the  States,  through  their  union  under  the  Constitu- 
tion, but  it  may  be  not  unreasonably  said  that  the  preservation  of 
the  States,  and  the  maintenance  of  their  governments,  are  as  much 
within  the  design  and  care  of  the  Constitution  as  the  preservation 
of  the  Union  and  the  maintenance  of  the  National  government. 
The  Constitution,  in  all  its  provisions,  looks  to  an  indestructible 
Union,  composed  of  indestructible  States. 

A  comparison  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  and  the  Constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States  in  the  matter  of  the  treaty-making  power 
and  a  statement  of  the  function  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  the  interpre- 
tation and  application  of  treaties,  will  also  show  the  international  char- 
acter of  the  Constitutio"  ti  its  applicability  to  the  Society  of  Nations. 
And  this  can  best  b  for  present  purposes  by  the  quotation  of 

material  portions  of  these  two  di)cunicnts  without  indulging  in  lengthy 
comment. 

First,  as  to  the  Articles  of  Confederation: 

The  I'nited  States  in  ((inj^rcss  assembled,  sh;.ll  have  the  sole 
and  exclusive  right  and  power     ...     of  sending  and  receiving 


XI 


ambassadors — entering  into  treaties  and  alliances,  .  .  .  (Ar- 
ticle 9,  1st  Paragraph). 

No  State,  without  the  consent  of  the  United  States  in  Congress 
assembled,  shall  send  any  embassy  to,  or  receive  any  embassy 
from,  or  enter  into  any  conference,  agreement,  alliance,  or  treaty 
with  any  king,  prince,  or  state;  .  .  .  (Article  6,  1st  Para- 
graph). 

No  two  or  more  States  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  confedera- 
tion or  alliance  whatever  between  them,  without  the  consent  of 
the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled,  specifying  accurately 
the  purposes  for  which  the  same  is  to  be  entered  into,  and  how 
long  it  shall  continue.     (Article  6,  2d  Paragraph.) 

In  a  Federal  letter  to  the  States,  prepared  by  John  Jay  as  Secretary 
of  the  Department  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  agreed  to  in  the  Congress 
of  the  Confederation  on  April  13,  1787  (Secret  Journals  of  the  Acts 
and  Proceedings  of  Congress,  \'ol.  IV,  pp.  329-338),  the  exclusive 
character  of  the  treaty-making  power  vested  in  Congress  was  pointed 
out,  together  with  the  action  of  the  States,  inconsistent  with  the  grant 
of  the  treaty  power,  and  which  well-nigh  nullified  the  grant  to  and  the 
exercise  of  the  power  by  the  Congress.  "I>et  it  be  remembered."  the 
letter  reads,  "that  the  thirteen  independent  sovereign  states  have,  by 
express  delegation  of  power,  formed  and  vested  in  us  a  general  though 
limited  sovereignty  for  the  general  and  national  purposes  specified  in 
the  confederation." 

.\fter  quoting  the  ninth  .\rticle,  conveying  to  the  Congress  "the 
sole  and  exclusive  right  and  power  of  determining  on  war  and  peace 
and  of  entering  into  treaties  and  alliances,"  and  stating  that  a  treaty 
when  constitutionally  made,  ratified  and  published  by  the  Congress 
"immediately  becomes  binding  on  the  whole  nation,  and  superadded  to 
the  laws  of  the  land"  and  that  "no  individual  state  has  the  right,  by 
legislative  acts,  to  decide  and  point  out  the  sen.se  in  which  their  par- 
ticular citizens  and  courts  shall  understand  this  or  that  article  of  a 
treaty,"  the  letter  continues  that  "a  contrary  doctrine  would  not  only 
militate  against  the  comninn  and  established  maxims  and  ideas  relative 
to  this  subject,  but  would  prove  no  less  inconvenient  in  practice  than 


it  is  irrational  in  theory ;  for  in  that  case,  the  same  article  of  the  same 
treaty  might  by  law  be  made  to  mean  one  thing  in  New  Hampshire, 
another  thing  in  New  York,  and  neither  the  one  nor  the  other  of  them 
in  Georgia." 

In  the  course  of  this  very  important  document  the  Secretary  of 
Foreign  Aflfairs  and  the  Congress  admitted  that  the  definitive  treaty 
of  peace  of  September  19,  1783,  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States  hid  been  violated  in  some  respects  and  that  it  would  be  impos- 
sible to  enter  into  treaties  with  foreign  countries  unless  they  were 
faithfully  observed  and  interpreted  in  the  sense  in  which  they  were 
understood  by  the  contractirj:  nations  at  the  time  of  their  ratification. 
On  this  point,  the  letter  reads  (p.  333) : 

Contracts  between  nations,  like  contracts  between  individuals, 
s  lould  be  faithfully  executed,  even  though  the  sword  in  the  one 
case,  and  the  law  in  the  other,  did  not  compel  it.  Honest  nations 
like  honest  men  require  no  constraint  to  do  justice;  and  though 
impunity  ard  the  necessity  of  affairs  may  sometimes  afford  tempta- 
tions to  pare  down  contracts  to  the  measure  of  convenience,  yet 
it  is  never  done  but  at  the  expense  of  that  esteem,  and  confidence, 
and  credit  which  are  of  infinitely  more  worth  than  all  the  mo- 
mentary advantages  which  such  expedients  can  extort. 

The  Congress  recommended,  therefore,  that  the  States  should  take 
the  following  action  (p.  336)  : 


Be  it  enacted  by  .  .  .  and  it  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  author- 
ity of  the  same,  that  such  of  the  acts  or  parts  of  acts  repugnant 
to  the  treaty  of  -leace  between  the  United  States  and  his  Britannick 
majesty,  or  any  ai.icle  thereof,  shall  be  and  hereby  are  repealed: 
and  further  that  the  courts  of  law  and  equity  within  this  state 
be  and  they  hereby  are  directed  and  re<iuired,  in  all  causes  and 
questions  cognizable  by  them  respectively,  and  arising  from  or 
touchinij  the  -;;rid  treaty,  to  decide  and  adjud^'e  accordint;  to  thc 
tenor,  true  intent  and  meaning  of  the  same,  anything  in  the  said 
acts  or  parts  of  acts  to  the  contrary  thereof  in  any  wise  not- 
withstanding. 


Xlll 

The  advantage  of  this  action  is  stated  in  terms  which  foreshadow 
the  court  of  the  more  perfect  union: 

By  r-pealing  in  general  terms  all  acts  and  clauses  repugnant  to 
the  treaty,  the  business  will  be  turned  over  to  its  proper  depart- 
ment, viz.,  the  judicial ;  and  the  courts  of  law  will  find  no  difficulty 
in  deciding  whether  any  particular  act  or  clause  is  or  is  not  con- 
trary to  the  treaty.  Besides,  when  it  is  considered  that  the  judges 
in  general  are  men  of  character  and  learning,  and  feel  as  well 
as  know  the  obligations  of  office  and  the  value  of  reputation,  there 
is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  their  conduct  and  judgments  relative 
to  these  as  well  as  other  judicial  matters  will  be  wise  and  upright. 

In  a  letter  to  Secretary  Jay,  dated  August  15,  1786,  from  George 
Washington,  then  living  in  retirement,  there  occurs  the  following  pas- 
sage: "If  you  tell  the  Legislature  they  have  violated  the  treaty  of 
peace,  and  invaded  the  prerogatives  of  the  confederacy,  they  will 
laugh  in  your  face."  (William  Jay's  Life  of  John  Jay,  vol.  i.,  p.  248.) 
In  reply  to  Washington's  quaere,  "What  then,  is  to  be  done?"  John 
Jay  said  in  a  letter,  dated  Janua.7  7,  1787: 

Such  a  sovereign  [the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled], 
however  theoretically  responsible,  can  not  be  effectually  so  in  its 
departments  and  officers  without  adequate  judiratories.  I  there- 
fore promise  myself  nothing  very  desirable  from  any  change 
which  does  not  divide  the  sovereignty  into  its  proper  departments. 
Let  Congress  legislate — let  others  execute — let  others  judge. 
{Ibid.,  p.  256.) 

Next,  as  to  the  Constitution: 

No  State  shall  enter  into  any  Treaty,  Alliance,  or  Confederation ; 
(Article  I,  Section  10,  Paragraph  1). 

No  State  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  the  Congress    .     . 
enter  into  any  Agreement  or  Compact  with  another  State,  or  with 
a  foreign  Power.     (Article  I,  Section  10,  Paragraph  3.) 

He  [the  President]  shall  have  Power,  by  and  with  the  Advice 
and  Consent  of  the  Senate,  to  make  Treaties,  provided  two  thirds 
of  the  Senators  present  concur;  (Article  II,  Section  2  Paragraph 
2). 


XIV 


The  judicial  Power  shall  extend  to  all  Cases,  in  Law  and  Equity 
arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  Laws  of  the  United  States,  and 
Treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  Authority; 
(Article  III,  Section  2,  Paragraph  1). 

This  Constitution,  and  the  Laws  of  the  United  States  which  shall 
be  made  in  Pursuance  thereof ;  and  all  Treaties  made,  or  which 
shall  be  made,  under  the  Authority  of  the  United  States,  ?hall  be 
the  supreme  Law  of  the  Land ;  and  the  Judges  in  every  State  shall 
be  bound  thereby,  any  Thing  in  the  Constitution  or  Laws  of  any 
State  to  the  Contrary  notwithstanding.  (Article  VI,  Paragraph 
2.) 

Now  this  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  can  only  be  exercised  in 
a  court  of  justice.  Under  the  Articles  of  Confederation  there  was  no 
court,  and  in  the  Society  of  Nations  of  today  there  is  no  court  of  jus- 
tice. It  was  natural  that  then  as  now  the  appeal  should  be  to  arms 
in  the  absence  of  a  court  of  justice.  Under  the  Constitution  the  ap- 
peal is  to  the  Supreme  Court.  Under  the  future  Society  of  Nations 
the  appeal  should  be  to  the  permanent  court  of  justice,  "accessible  to 
all,  in  the  midst  of  the  independent  powers,"  to  quote  the  preamble  to 
the  convention  for  the  pacific  settlement  of  international  disputes 
drafted  by  the  First  Hague  Peace  Conference  and  adopted  by  all  the 
members  of  the  Society  of  Civilized  Nations. 

Although  a  treaty  was  the  law  of  the  land,  and  the  nature,  extent  and 
interpretation  of  a  law  were  proper  subjects  for  a  court  of  justice, 
there  was,  as  has  been  said,  no  court  of  the  confederation  as  distinct 
from  the  courts  of  the  States  composing  it  and,  therefore,  there  was 
no  authoritative  judicial  interpretation  binding  the  confederation  and 
the  States. 

In  the  more  perfect  union  of  the  Constitution  a  court  of  this  union, 
called  the  Supreme  Court,  was  constituted ;  and  the  difference  between 
a  confederation  without  a  court  and  a  more  perfect  union  with  the 
Supreme  Court  is  made  clear  by  the  leading  case  of  Ware  v.  Hylton 
(3  Dall.  199,  2i7),  decided  in  1796,  giving  a  single,  uniform  and  na- 
tional interpretation  to  the  treaty  of  1783  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States  which  the  Congress  of  the  Confederation  was  un- 


XV 

able  to  preserve  inviolate.  Mr.  Justice  Chase,  speaking  of  the  nature 
and  extent  of  the  sixth  article  of  the  Constitution  in  so  far  as  treaties 
were  considered  the  law  of  the  land,  said  : 

Four  things  are  apparent,  on  review  of  this  6th  article  of  the 
national  constitution.  1st.  That  it  is  retrospective,  and  is  to  be 
considered  in  the  same  light  as  if  the  constitution  had  been  estab- 
lished before  the  making  of  the  treaty  of  1783.  2d.  That  the 
constitution  or  laws  of  any  of  the  states,  so  far  as  either  of  them 
shall  be  found  contrary  to  that  treaty,  are,  by  force  of  the  said 
article,  prostrated  before  the  treaty.  3d.  That,  consequently,  the 
treaty  of  1783  has  superior  power  to  the  legislature  of  any  state, 
because  no  legislature  of  any  state  has  any  kind  of  power  over 
the  constitution,  which  was  its  creator.  4th.  That  it  is  the  de- 
clared duty  of  the  state  judges  to  determine  any  constitution  or 
laws  of  any  state,  contrary  to  that  treaty  (or  any  other),  made 
under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  null  and  void.  National 
or  federal  judges  are  bound  by  duty  and  oath  to  the  same  conduct. 

In  the  leading  case  of  Foster  v.  Neilson  (2  Peters  253,  314),  decided 
in  1829,  Mr.  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  speaking  for  the  court,  said: 

A  treaty  is,  in  its  nature,  a  contract  between  two  nations,  not  a 
legislative  act.  It  does  not  generally  eflfect,  of  itself,  the  object 
to  be  accomplished;  especially,  so  far  as  its  operation  is  infra- 
territorial  ;  but  is  carried  into  execution  by  the  sovereign  power  of 
the  respective  parties  to  the  instrument.  In  the  United  States, 
a  different  principle  is  established.  Our  constitution  declares  a 
treaty  to  be  the  law  of  the  land.  It  is,  consequently,  to  he  regarded 
in  courts  of  justice  as  equivalent  to  an  act  of  the  legislature,  when- 
ever it  operates  of  itself,  without  the  aid  of  any  legislative  pro- 
vision. But  when  the  terms  of  the  stipulation  import  a  contract- 
when  either  of  the  parties  engages  to  perform  a  particular  act, 
the  treaty  addresses  itself  to  the  political,  not  the  judicial  depart- 
ment :  and  the  legislature  must  execute  the  contract,  before  it  can 
become  a  rule  for  the  court. 

As  a  law  of  the  land,  it  follows  that  it  may  be  varied  in  so  far  as 
the  United  States  is  concerned  by  a  subsequent  law  inconsistent  with  it. 


XVI 

In  the  Head  Money  Cases  (112  U.  S.  580,  599),  decided  in  1884,  the 
court  considered  the  relation  between  a  law  of  the  land  made  so  by 
treaty  and  the  law  of  the  land  made  so  by  the  Congress  in  a  statute. 
Mr.  Justice  Miller,  speaking  for  the  court,  said  on  this  point : 

A  treaty  is  made  by  the  President  and  the  Senate.  Statutes 
are  made  by  the  President,  the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. The  addition  of  the  latter  body  to  the  other  two  in 
making  a  law  certainly  does  not  render  it  less  entitled  to  respect 
in  the  matter  of  its  repeal  or  modification  than  a  treaty  made  by 
the  other  two.  If  there  be  any  diflerence  in  this  regard,  it  would 
seem  to  be  in  favor  of  an  act  in  which  all  three  of  the  bodies 
participate.  And  such  is,  in  fact,  the  case  in  a  declaration  of  war, 
which  must  be  made  by  Congress,  and  which,  when  made,  usually 
suspends  or  destroys  existing  treaties  between  the  nations  thus 
at  war. 

In  short,  we  are  of  opinion  that,  so  far  as  a  treaty  made  by 
the  United  States  with  any  foreign  nation  can  become  the  subject 
of  judicial  cognizance  in  the  courts  of  this  country,  it  is  subject 
to  such  acts  as  Congress  may  pass  for  its  enforcement,  modifica- 
tion, or  repeal. 

But,  while  an  act  of  Congress  inconsistent  with  a  treaty  is  the  law 
of  the  land,  the  act  can  not  abrogate,  modify  or  vary  the  right  secured 
to  a  foreign  nation  by  the  treaty.  The  act  of  Congress  can  affect 
th'j  national,  it  can  not  affect  the  international  obligation,  and  the 
foreign  nation,  after  as  before,  may  claim  the  benefit  of  the  treaty 
and  secure  compliance  with  its  provisions  through  diplomatic  channels 
or  by  physical  force.  (Taylor  v.  Morton,  1855,  2  Curtis  454;  23 
Federal  Cases  784.)  The  court  can,  by  its  decisions,  only  affect  the 
United  States.  It  can  not  affect  the  rights  of  a  foreign  power,  because 
the  Supreme  Court  is  not  a  court  of  that  country.  There  is  no  court 
of  nations  to  decide  the  question  between  the  nations  and  tmtil  a  com- 
mon court  has  been  established,  each  nation  must,  in  the  last  resort 
decide  for  itself  the  question  of  right. 

Again  to  quote  the  leading  case  of  Foster  v   Xeilson  (2  Peters  253 


XVll 

307),  decided  in  1829,  Mr.  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  speaking  for  the 
court,  said  on  this  question : 

In  a  controversy  between  two  nations,  concerning  national 
boundary,  it  is  scarcely  possible,  that  the  courts  of  either  should 
refuse  to  abide  by  the  measures  adopted  by  its  own  govenunent. 
There  being  no  common  tribunal  to  decide  between  them,  each 
determines  for  itself  on  its  own  rights,  and  if  they  can  not  adjust 
their  differences  peaceably,  the  right  remains  with  the  strongest. 

Questions  of  law  and  equity,  to  use  the  language  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, or  justiciable  questions,  to  use  the  language  of  diplomacy,  fre- 
quently arise  between  nations.  If  unsettled,  they  embitter  their  for- 
eign relations ;  and,  if  they  do  not  actually  cause  war,  they  neverthe- 
less make  it  easier  for  nations  to  drift  into  war.  The  delegates  of 
the  American  States,  meeting  in  Philadelphia  in  1787,  renounced  the 
right  which  they  possessed  as  sovereign,  free  and  independent  States 
to  settle  their  disputes  by  negotiation,  and  they  renounced  in  their 
common  interest  the  right  of  going  to  war  which  they  ha  Tied  in 

the  Declaration  of  Independence  and  exercised  against  Gn  Britain. 
But  they  could  then  only  settle  the  disputes,  certain  to  arise  between 
and  among  them,  either  by  diplomacy  or  by  war.  For  the  peaceful 
settlement  of  their  controversies  they  therefore  created  a  court,  an 
agency  hitherto  unknown  for  this  purpose,  in  which  they  consented 
to  be  sued  in  all  cases  that  might  arise  between  them  involving  law 
and  equity.  For  arbitration,  they  substituted  judicial  decision ;  for  the 
temporary  tribunal,  the  permanent  court. 

As  States  claiming  to  be  sovereign,  free  and  independent — they  had 
expressly  declared  themselves  to  be  so  in  the  Confederacy  which  pre- 
ceded the  more  perfect  union  of  the  Constitution — they  consented  to 
be  sued,  but  were  apparently  unwilling  to  be  dragged  before  the  court 
of  their  hands  by  force;  hence,  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  may  invite,  it  can  not  compel  the  attendance  of  the  defendant 
State.  In  like  manner,  and  for  the  same  reason,  the  judgment  of  the 
Supreme  Court  is  a  recommendation,  it  is  not  a  command  to  the 
defeated  State,  to  be  executed  by  physical  force. 


XVIIl 

The  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  have  wisely  decided  that  the 
great  thing  in  a  dispute  between  States  is  to  have  it  judicially  investi- 
gated, the  facts  found,  the  principle  of  law  applied  and  a  judgment 
rendered.  And,  in  order  that  this  may  happen  with  the  least  possible 
friction,  the  court  allows  the  plaintiff  State  to  proceed  with  its  case 
in  the  absence  of  the  defendant  State,  duly  simimoned,  but  not 
appearing. 

Although  1  must  be  brief,  let  me  add  that  the  Supreme  Court  must 
determine  at  the  outset  that  the  question  before  it  is  judicial.  In 
other  words,  it  must  decide  not  only  that  the  controversy  is  one 
involving  law  and  equity,  but  that  it  is  not  of  a  political  nature;  for 
the  States  have  only  consented  to  be  sued  in  cases  of  a  legal  or 
equitable  nature,  and  the  court  has  only  been  granted  the  power  to 
decide  judicial,  that  is,  justiciable,  not  political  questions.  It  must 
also  determine  whether  the  controversy  is  between  States,  because  a 
State  may  only  be  sued  by  a  State  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States. 

I  am  bold  enough  to  assert  that  if  the  States  forming  the  society  of 
nations  are,  after  the  breakdown  of  diplomacy,  as  anxious  as  the 
original  States  of  the  American  Union  to  decide  their  disputes  of  a 
justiciable  character  without  resort  to  war,  they  will  find  the  model 
at  hand  in  the  Supreme  Court  and  its  procedure  a  fit  agency  of  sov- 
ereign States,  because  it  was  created  by  sovereign  States,  to  which 
they  can  safely  submit  their  disputes  of  a  justiciable  character,  allow- 
ing themselves  to  be  invited,  but  not  forced  to  appear,  in  which  a  suit 
can  be  begun  by  a  plaintiff  State  against  a  defendant  State,  without 
the  cooperation  of  other  States,  and  in  which  the  judgment  rendered 
will  be  a  recommendation,  not  a  command,  unless  a  "decent  respect  to 
the  opinions  of  mankind"  is  indeed  a  command.  Should  the  nations 
doubt  the  possibility  of  deciding  their  disputes  by  due  process  of  law. 
should  they  question  the  nature  and  extent  of  judicial  power,  should 
they  insist  upon  a  working  definition  of  a  justiciable  -s  distinct  from 
a  politica'  question,  and  should  they  require  approved  examples  of 
judicial  decision  and  forms  of  equitable  procedure,  they  need  only 


XIX 

consult  the  experience  of  the  United  States  and  linger  over  the  pages 
of  the  reported  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 

In  the  belief  that  these  documents,  valuable  in  themselves  and  life- 
giving  to  a  continent,  are  susceptible  of  a  larger  application,  in  that 
they  point  the  way  to  international  organization,  if  they  do  not  actually 
define  its  form  and  content,  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the 
Articles  of  Confederation  and  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
are  gathered  into  the  present  little  volume,  separate  and  distinct  from 
all  other  matters,  and  laid  before  the  public  without  note  or  comment 
in  order  that  they  may  be  considered,  analyzed,  and  compared  with  the 
greatest  ease  and  under  the  most  favorable  conditions. 

We  have  lived  m  an  ungovemed  world ;  we  must  live  in  a  governed 
world.  The  society  of  nations  must  have  its  law  and  its  institutions, 
and  the  experience  of  the  United  States— "an  indestructible  union  com- 
posed of  indestnir  >lc-  States"— should  not  fail  to  appeal  to  thoughtful 
men  and  women  ag  st  at  the  cnunbling  of  society  and  stunned  at  the 
spectacle  of  nations  apparently  in  the  throes  of  destruction. 

James  Brown  Scott, 
Director  of  the  Division  of  International  Law. 
Washington,  D.  C, 

April  21,  1917. 


CONTENTS 

Introductory  note    iji 

The  Declaration  of  Independence 3 

The  Articles  of  Confederation 13 

The  Constitution  of  tne  United  States 29 

Index  to  the  Constitution    51 


THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE 


HISTORICAL  NOTE.' 

The  delegates  of  the  UnitcJ  Colonies  of  New  Hampshire;  Massachusetts 
Bay;  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations;  Connecticut;  New  York;  New 
Jersey ;  Pennsylvania ;  New  Castle,  Kent,  and  Sussex,  in  Delaware ;  Maryland ; 
Virginia;  North  Carolina,  and  South  Carolina,  In  Congress  assembled  at  Phila- 
delphia, Resolved,  on  the  10th  of  May,  1776,  to  recommend  to  the  respective 
assemblies  and  conventions  of  the  United  Colonies,  where  no  government 
sufficient  to  the  exigencies  of  their  affairs  had  been  established,  to  adopt  such 
a  government  as  should,  in  the  opinion  of  the  representatives  of  the  people,  best 
conduce  to  the  happiness  and  safety  of  their  constituents  in  particular,  and  of 
America  in  general.  A  preamble  to  this  resolution,  agreed  to  o.i  the  ISth  of 
May,  stated  the  intention  to  be  totally  to  suppress  the  exercise  of  every  kind  of 
authority  under  the  British  crown.  On  the  7th  of  June,  certain  resolutions  re- 
specting independency  were  moved  and  seconded.  On  the  10th  of  June  it  was 
resolved,  that  a  committee  should  be  appointed  to  prepare  a  declaration  to  the 
following  effect :  "That  the  United  Colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free 
and  independent  States ;  that  they  are  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British 
crown ;  and  that  all  political  connection  between  them  and  the  Sute  of  Great 
Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be,  totally  dissolved."  On  the  preceding  day  it  was 
determined  that  the  committee  for  preparing  the  declaration  should  consist 
of  five,  and  they  were  chosen  accordingly,  in  the  following  order :  Mr.  Jefferson, 
Mr.  J.  Adams,  Mr.  Franklin,  Mr.  Sherman,  Mr.  R.  R.  Livingston.  On  the 
llth  of  June  a  resolution  was  passed  to  appoint  a  committee  to  prepare  and 
digest  the  form  of  a  confederation  to  be  entered  into  between  the  colonies, 
and  another  committee  to  prepare  a  plan  of  treaties  to  be  proposed  to  foreign 
powers.  On  the  12th  of  June,  it  was  resolved,  that  a  committee  of  Congress 
should  be  appointed  by  the  name  of  a  board  of  war  and  ordnance,  to  consist  of 
five  members.  On  the  2St  of  June,  a  declaration  of  the  deputies  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, met  in  provincial  conference,  expressing  their  willingness  to  concur  in 
a  vote  declaring  the  United  Colonies  free  and  Independent  States,  was  laid  be- 
fore Congress  and  read.  On  the  28th  of  June,  the  committee  appointed  to  pre- 
pare a  declaration  of  independence  brought  in  a  draught,  which  was  read,  and 
ordered  to  lie  on  the  Uble.  On  the  1st  of  July,  a  resolution  of  the  convention 
of  Maryland,  passed  the  28th  of  June,  authorizing  the  deputies  of  that  colony 
to  concur  in  declaring  the  United  Colonies  free  and  independent  States,  was 
laid  before  Congress  and  read.  On  the  same  day  Congress  resolved  itself  into 
a  committee  of  the  whole,  to  take  into  consideration  the  rest  lution  respecting 
independency.  On  the  2d  of  Inly,  a  resolution  declaring  the  colonies  free  and 
independent  States,  was  adopted.  A  declaration  to  that  effect  was,  on  the  same 
and  the  following  days,  taken  into  further  consideration.     Finally,  on   the  4th 

•Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  1878.  p.  3 


I 


of  July  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  agreed  to,  engrossed  on  paper, 
signed  by  John  Hancock  as  president  and  directed  to  be  sent  to  the  several 
assemblies,  conventions,  and  committees,  or  councils  of  safety,  and  to  the 
several  commanding  ofl5cers  of  the  continental  troops,  and  to  be  proclaimed  in 
each  of  the  United  States,  and  at  the  head  of  the  Army.  It  was  also  ordered 
to  be  entered  upon  the  Journals  of  Congress,  and  on  the  2d  of  August,  a  copy 
engrossed  on  parchment  was  signed  by  all  but  one  of  the  fifty-six  signers  whose 
names  are  appended  to  it.  That  one  was  Matthew  Thornton,  of  New  Hampshire, 
who  on  taking  his  seat  in  November  asked  and  obtained  the  privilege  of  sign- 
ing it  Several  who  signed  it  on  the  2d  of  August  wer!»  absent  when  it  was 
adopted  on  the  4th  of  July,  but,  approving  of  it,  they  thus  signified  their  appro- 
bation. 

NOTE.— The  proof  of  this  document,  as  published  above  [below]  was  read 
by  Mr.  Ferdinand  Jefferson,  the  Keeper  of  the  Rolls  at  the  Department  of  State, 
at  Washington,  who  compared  it  with  the  fac-simile  of  the  original  in  his  cus- 
tody. He  says:  "In  the  fac-simile,  as  in  the  original,  the  whole  instrument  runs 
on  without  a  break,  but  dashes  are  mostly  inserted.  I  have,  in  this  copy,  fol- 
lowed the  arrangement  of  paragraphs  adopted  in  the  publication  of  the  Declara- 
tion in  the  newspaper  of  John  Dunlap,  and  as  printed  by  him  for  the  Congress, 
which  printed  copy  is  inserted  in  the  original  Journal  of  the  old  Congress.  The 
same  paragraphs  are  also  made  by  the  author,  in  the  orieinal  draught  pre- 
served in  the  Department  of  State." 


THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE-1776' 


In  Con;^rf.<!s,  July  4,  1776. 
The  unanimous  Declaration  of  the  thirteen  united  States  of  America. 

VVuEN  in  the  Course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  necessary  for 
one  people  to  dissolve  the  political  bands  which  hav^  connected  them 
with  another,  and  to  assume  among  the  Powers  of  the  earth,  the  sepa- 
rate and  equal  station  to  which  the  I^ws  of  Nature  and  of  Nature's 
God  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions  of  mankind  requires 
that  they  should  declare  the  causes  which  impel  them  to  the  separa- 
tion. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident,  that  all  men  are  created 
equal,  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  certain  unalienable 
Rights,  that  among  these  are  Life,  Liberty  and  the  pursuit  of  Happi- 
ness. That  to  secure  these  rights.  Governments  are  instituted  among 
Men,  deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  consent  of  the  governed. 
That  whenever  any  Form  of  Government  becomes  destructive  of  these 
ends,  it  is  the  Right  of  the  People  to  alter  or  to  abolish  it,  and  to  in- 
stitute new  Government,  laying  its  foundation  on  such  principles  and 
organizing  its  powers  in  such  form,  as  to  them  shall  seem  most  likely 
to  effect  their  Safety  and  Happiness.  Prudence,  indeed,  will  dictate 
that  Governments  long  established  should  not  be  changed  for  light  and 
transient  causes :  and  accordingly  all  experience  hith  shown,  that  man- 
kind are  more  disposed  to  suffer,  while  evils  are  sufferable,  than  to 
right  themselves  by  abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  are  accus- 
tomed. But  when  a  long  train  of  abuses  and  usurpations,  pursuing 
invariably  the  same  Object  evinces  a  design  to  reduce  them  under  abso- 
lute Despotism,  it  is  their  right,  it  is  their  duty,  to  throw  off  such 
Government,  and  to  provide  new  Guards  for  their  future  securit)'. — 


"Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  1878,  ?p.  3-b. 


THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE 


Such  has  been  the  patient  sufferance  of  these  Colonies;  and  such  is 
now  the  necessity  which  constrains  them  to  aher  their  former  Systems 
of  Government.  The  history  of  the  present  King  of  Great  Britain  is 
a  history  of  repeated  injuries  and  usurpations,  all  having  in  direct  ob- 
ject the  establishment  of  an  absolute  Tyranny  over  these  States.  To 
prove  this,  let  Facts  be  submitted  to  a  candid  world. 

He  has  refused  his  Assent  to  Laws,  the  most  wholesome  and  necci- 
sary  for  tfie  public  good. 

He  has  forbidden  his  Governors  to  pass  Laws  of  immediate  and 
pressing  importance,  unless  suspended  in  their  operation  till  his  Assent 
should  be  obtained ;  and  when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly  neglected 
to  attend  to  them. 

He  has  refused  to  pass  other  Laws  for  the  accommodation  of  large 
districts  of  people,  unless  those  people  would  relinquish  the  right  of 
Representation  in  the  Legislature,  a  right  inestimable  to  them  and 
formidable  to  tyrants  onJy. 

He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  unusui'.,  uncom- 
fortable, and  distant  from  the  depository  of  their  Public  Records,  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  fatiguing  them  into  compliance  with  his  measures. 

He  has  dissolved  Representative  Houses  repeatedly,  for  opposing 
with  manly  firmness  his  invasions  on  the  rights  of  the  people. 

He  has  refused  for  a  long  time,  after  such  dissolutions,  to  cause 
ethers  to  be  elected;  whereby  the  I.egislative  Powers,  incapable  of 
Annihilation,  have  returned  to  the  People  at  large  for  their  e.xercisc; 
the  State  remaining  in  the  mean  time  exposed  to  all  the  dangers  of 
invasion  from  without,  and  convulsions  within. 

He  has  endeavoured  to  prevent  the  population  of  these  States ;  for 
that  purpose  obstnicting  the  Laws  for  Naturalization  of  Foreigners; 
refusing  to  pass  others  to  encourage  their  migration  hither,  and  raising 
the  conditions  of  new  .\ppropriations  of  Lands. 

He  has  obstmrted  the  .Administration  of  Justice,  by  refusing  his 
Assent  to  I-aws  for  establishinfj  Judiciarv  Powers. 

He  has  made  judges  dependent  on  his  VMl  alone,  for  the  tenure 
of  their  offices,  and  the  amount  and  payment  of  their  salaries. 


THE  DECXARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE  5 

He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  New  Offices,  and  sent  hither  swarms 
of  Officers  to  harrass  our  People,  and  eat  out  their  substance. 

He  has  kept  among  us,  in  times  of  peace,  Standing  Armies  without 
the  Consent  of  our  legislature. 

He  has  affected  to  render  the  Military  independent  of  and  superior 
to  the  Civil  Power. 

He  has  combined  with  others  to  subject  us  to  a  jurisdiction  foreign 
to  our  constitution,  and  unacknowledged  by  our  laws;  giving  his 
Assent  to  their  acts  of  pretended  Legislation  : 

For  quartering  large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among  us : 

For  protecting  them,  by  a  mock  Trial,  from  Punishment  for  any 
Murders  which  they  should  commit  on  the  Inhabitants  of  these  States: 

For  cutting  off  our  Trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world : 

For  imposing  taxes  on  us  without  our  Consent : 

For  depriving  us  in  many  cases,  of  the  benefits  ci  Trial  by  Jury: 

For  transporting  us  beyond  Seas  to  be  tried  for  pretended  offences: 

For  abolishing  the  free  System  of  English  Laws  in  a  neighbouring 
Province,  establishing  therein  an  Arb!trar>  government,  and  enlarging 
its  Boundaries  so  as  to  render  it  at  once  an  example  and  fit  instru- 
ment for  introducing  the  same  absolute  rule  into  these  Colonies : 

For  f"'ing  away  our  Charters,  abolishing  our  most  valuable  Laws, 
and  altering  fundamentally  ♦he  Forms  of  our  Governments : 

For  suspending  our  own  Legislatures,  and  declaring  themselves  in- 
vef'ed  with  Power  to  legislate  for  us  in  all  cases  whatsoever. 

He  has  abdicated  Government  here,  by  declaring  us  out  of  his  Pro- 
tection and  waging  War  against  us. 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  Coasts,  burnt  our  towns, 
and  destroyed  the  lives  of  our  people. 

He  is  at  this  time  transporting  large  armies  of  foreign  mercenaries 
to  compleat  the  works  of  death,  desolation  ^  ^d  tyranny,  already  begun 
with  circumstance.s  of  Cruelty  &  perfidy  scarcely  paralleled  in  the  most 
barbarous  ages,  and  totally  unworthy  the  Head  of  a  civilized  nation. 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow  Citizens  taken  Captive  on  the  high 


THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE 


Seas  to  bear  Arms  against  their  Countr\-,  to  become  the  executioners 
of  their  friends  and  Brethren,  or  to  fall  themselves  by  their  Hands 

He  has  excited  domestic  insurrections  amongst  us,  and  has  endeav- 
oured to  bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our  frontiers,  the  merciless  Indian 
Savages,  whose  known  rule  of  warfare,  is  an  undistinguished  destruc- 
tion of  all  ages,  sexes  and  conditions. 

In  every  stage  of  these  Oppressions  We  have  Petitioned  for  Re- 
dress in  the  most  humble  terms:  Our  repeated  Petitions  have  been 
answered  only  by  repeated  injury.  A  Prince,  whose  character  is  thus 
marked  by  e\'er)'  act  which  may  define  a  Tyrant,  is  unfit  to  be  the  ruler 
of  a  free  People. 

Nor  have  We  been  wanting  in  attention  to  our  Brittish  brethren.  We 
have  warned  them  from  time  to  time  of  attempts  by  their  l^islature 
to  extend  an  unwarrantable  jurisdiction  over  us.  We  have  reminded 
them  of  the  circumstances  of  our  emigration  and  settlement  here.  We 
have  appealed  to  their  native  justice  and  magnanimity,  and  we  ha"e 
conjured  them  by  the  ties  of  our  common  kindred  to  disavow  these 
usurpations,  which,  would  inevitably  interrupt  our  connections  and 
correspondence.  They  too  have  been  deaf  to  the  voice  of  justice  and 
of  consanguinity.  We  must,  therefore,  acquiesce  in  the  necessity, 
which  denounces  our  Separation,  and  hold  them,  as  we  hold  the  rest 
of  mankind.  Enemies  in  War,  in  Peace  Friends. 

We.  therefore,  the  Rq)re3entatives  of  the  united  States  of  America 
in  General  Congress,  Assembled,  appealing  to  the  Supreme  Judge  of 
the  world  for  the  rectitude  of  our  intentions,  do,  in  the  Name,  and  by 
Authority  of  the  good  People  of  the.se  Colonies,  solemnly  publish  and 
declare,  That  these  I'nited  Colonies  are,  and  of  Right  ought  to  be 
Free  and  Independent  States;  that  they  are  Absolved  from  all  Alle- 
giance to  the  British  Crown,  and  that  all  political  connection  between 
them  and  the  .State  of  Cireat  Britain,  is  and  ought  to  be  totally  dis- 
solved; and  th.at  as  Free  and  Indei>endent  States,  they  have  full  Power 
to  levy  War,  conclude  Peace,  contract  Alliances,  establish  Commerce, 
and  to  do  all  other  Acts  and  Things  wliich  Independent  States  may  of 


THE  DEC^ARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE  7 

right  do.  And  for  the  support  of  this  Declaration,  with  a  firm  re- 
Hance  on  the  Protection  of  Divine  Providence,  we  mutually  pledge  to 
each  other  our  Lives,  our  Fortunes  and  our  sacred  Honor. 

JOHN  HANCOCK. 


JOSIAH   BaRTLETT 

V\m.  Whipple 


New  Hampshire 

Matthew  Thornton 


Saml.  a  >ams 
John  Adams 


Massachusetts  Bay 

koBT.  Treat  Paine 
Elbkidge  Gerry 


Step.  Hopkins 


Rhode  Island 

William  Ellery 


n 


Roger  Sherman 
Sam'el  Huntington 


Connecticut 

Wm.  Williams 
Oliver  Wolcott 


I  >] 


Wm.  Floyd 
Phil.  Livingston 


New  York 

Frans.  Lewis 
Lewis  Morris 


RicHD.  Stockton 
Jno.  Witherspoon. 
Fras.  Hopkinson 

Robt.  Morris 
Benjamin  Rush 
Benja.  Franklin 
John  Morton 
Geo.  Clymer 

Caesar  Rodney 
Geo.  Read 


New  Jersey 

John  Hart 
Abra.  Clark 

Pennsylvania 

J  as.  Smith 
Geo.  Taylor 
James  Wilson 
Geo.  Ross 

Delaware 

Fiio.  M'Kean 


THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE 


Samuel  Chase 
Wm.  Paca 


George  Wythe 
Richard  Henry  Lee 
Th.  Jefferson 
Benja.  Harrison 

Wm.  Hooper 
Joseph  Hewes 

Edward  Rutledge 
Thos.  Heyward,  Junr. 

Button  Gwinnett 
Lyman  H.*xl 


Maryland 

Thos.  Stone 

Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton 

yirginia 

Thos.  Nelson,  Jr. 
Francis  Lightfoot  Lee 
Carter  Braxton 

North  Carolina 

John  Penn 

South  Carolina 

Thomas  Lynch,  Junr. 
.Arthur  Middleton 

Georgia 

Geo.  Walton 


f 


THE  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION 


mST(   i.ICAL  NOTE.i 

Congress  Res  .t\'  un  t'le  lUii  of  June,  1776,  that  a  committee  should  be 
appointed  to  prepare  and  ul^i^ji,  aie  form  of  a  confederation  to  be  entered  into 
between  the  Colonies;  and  on  the  day  following,  after  it  had  been  determined 
that  the  committee  should  consist  of  a  member  from  each  Colony,  the  following 
persons  were  appointed  to  perform  that  duty,  to  wit:  Mr.  Bartlett,  Mr.  S. 
Adams,  Mr.  Hopkins,  Mr.  Sherman,  Mr.  R.  R.  Livingston,  Mr.  Dickinson.  Mr. 
M'Kean,  Mr.  Stone,  Mr.  Nelson.  Mr.  Hewes,  Mr.  E.  Rutledge,  and  Mr.  Gwin- 
nett. Upon  the  report  of  this  committee,  the  subject  was,  from  time  to  time, 
debated,  until  the  15th  of  November,  1777,  when  a  copy  of  the  confederation 
being  made  out,  and  sundry  amendments  made  in  the  diction,  without  altering 
the  sense,  the  same  was  finally  agreed  to.  Congress,  at  the  same  time,  directed 
that  the  articles  should  be  proposed  to  the  legislatures  of  all  the  United 
States,  to  be  considered,  and  if  approved  of  by  them,  they  were  advised  to 
authorize  their  delegates  to  ratify  tne  same  in  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States;  which  l)eing  done,  the  same  should  become  conclusive.  Three  hundred 
copies  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  were  ordered  to  be  printed  for  the  use  of 
Congress;  and  on  the  17th  of  November,  the  form  of  a  circular  letter  to  ac- 
company them  was  brought  in  by  a  committee  appointed  to  prepare  it,  and  being 
agreed  to,  thirteen  copies  of  it  were  ordered  to  be  nude  out,  to  be  signed  by 
the  president  and  forwarded  to  the  several  SUtes,  with  copies  of  the  confedera- 
tion. On  the  29th  of  November  ensuing,  z.  committee  of  three  was  appointed, 
to  procure  a  translation  of  the  articles  to  be  made  into  the  French  language,  and 
to  report  an  address  to  the  inhabitants  of  Canada,  &c  On  the  26th  of  June, 
1778,  the  form  of  a  ratificatioin  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  was  adopted, 
and,  it  having  been  engrossed  on  parchment,  it  was  signed  on  the  9th  of  July 
on  the  part  and  in  behalf  of  their  respective  States,  by  the  delegates  of  New 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts  Bay,  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations,  Con- 
necticut, New  York.  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  South  Carolina,  agreeably  to 
the  powers  vested  in  'hem.  The  delegates  of  North  Carolina  sij^^ned  on  the 
21st  of  July,  those  of  Georgia  on  the  24th  of  July,  and  those  of  New  Jersey 
on  the  26th  of  November  following.  On  the  Sth  of  May,  1779,  Mr.  Dickinson 
and  Mr.  Van  Dyke  signed  in  behalf  of  the  State  of  Deleware,  Mr.  M'Kean 
having  previously  signed  in  February,  at  which  time  he  produced  a  power  to 
that  effect.  Maryland  did  not  ratify  until  the  year  1781.  .She  had  instructed 
her  dcleRates.  on  the  15th  of  December.  1778,  not  to  agree  to  the  confederation 


■■-I 
.1. 


I: 


'RcviH-d  Statute-!  of  the  Unitnl  States,  1878.  p.  7. 


12 

until  matters  respecting  the  western  lands  should  be  settled  on  principles  of 
equity  and  sound  policy;  but,  o..  the  30th  of  January.  1781,  finding  that  the  ene- 
mies of  the  country  took  advantage  of  the  circumstance  to  disseminate  opin- 
ions  of  an  ultimate  dissolution  of  the  Union,  the  legislature  of  the  State 
passed  an  act  to  empower  their  delegates  to  subscribe  and  ratify  the  articles 
which  was  accordingly  done  by  Mr.  Hanson  and  Mr.  Carroll  on  tne  1st  of 
March  of  that  year,  which  completed  the  ratifications  of  the  act;  and  Congress 
assembled  on  the  2d  of  March  under  the  new  powers. 

NOTE -The  proof  of  this  document.  a.s  published  above  [below],  was  read 
by  Mr.  Ferdinand  Jeflferson.  the  Keeper  of  the  Rolls  of  the  Department  of  State, 
at  Washington,  who  compared  it  with  the  original  in  his  custody.  He  says :  1  he 
initial  letters  of  many  of  the  words  in  the  original  of  this  i.istrument  are  capi- 
tals, but  as  no  system  appears  to  have  been  observed,  the  same  words  sometimes 
beginning  with  a  capital  and  sometimes  with  a  small  letter,  I  have  thought  ,t 
W  not  to  undertake  to  follow  the  original  in  this  particular.  Moreover,  there 
are  three  forms  of  the  letter  s:  the  capital  5.  the  small  s.  and  the  long/,  the 
last  being  used  indiscriminately  to  words  that  should  begin  with  a  capital  and 
those  that  should  begin  with  a  small  s." 


ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION-1777' 

To  all  to  Whom  these  Presents  shall  come,  7ve  the  undersigned  Dele- 
gates of  the  States  affixed  to  our  Names  send  greeting. 

Whereas  the  Delegates  of  the  United  States  of  America  in  Con- 
gress assembled  did  on  the  fifteenth  day  of  N'ovember  in  the  Year  of 
our  Lord  One  Thousand  Seven  Hundred  and  Seventy-seven,  and  in 
the  Second  Year  of  the  Independence  of  America  agree  to  certain  arti- 
cles of  Confederation  and  perpetual  Union  between  the  States  of 
Newhampshire,  Massachusetts -bay,  Rhodeisland  and  Providence  Plan- 
tations, Connecticut.  \cw  York,  Xew  Jersej-,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Virginia,  N'ortli-Carolina.  South-Carolina  and  Georgia  in 
the  Words  following,  viz. 

"Articles  of  Confederation  and  perpetual  Union  between  the 
States  of  Xewhampshire,  Massachusetts-bay,  Rhodeisiatid  and 
Providence  Plantations,  Connecticut,  New-York,  N'ew-Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  Xorth-"" .  "Una, 
South-v.arolina  and   Georgia. 

Article  I.  Tun  stile  of  this  confederacy  shall  be  "The  United 
States  of  America." 

Article  II.  Each  State  retains  its  sovereignty,  freedom  and  inde- 
pendence, and  ever)'  power,  jurisdiction  and  right,  which  is  not  by  this 
confederation  expressly  delegated  to  the  United  States,  in  Congress 
assembled. 

Article  III.  The  said  States  hereby  severally  enter  into  a  firm 
league  of  friendship  with  each  other,  for  their  common  defence,  the 
security  of  their  liberties,  and  their  mutual  and  general  welfare,  bind- 
ing themselves  to  asiiist  tach  other,  against  all  fc—  offered  to,  or 


I'l 

.1 


|] 


•Revised  Sututes  of  the  United  StatC'i.  1878,  pp.  7-12. 


<1 

! 


14 


THE  ARTICXES  OF  CONFEDERATION 


attacks  made  upon  them,  or  any  of  them,  on  account  of  religion, 
ereignty,  trade,  or  any  other  pretence  whatever. 

Article  IV.  The  better  to  secure  and  perpetuate  mutual  friend- 
ship and  intercourse  among  the  people  of  the  different  States  in  this 
Union,  the  free  inhabitants  of  each  of  these  States,  paupers,  vaga- 
bonds and  fugitives  from  justice  excepted,  shall  be  entitled  to  all 
privil^«s  and  immunities  of  free  citizens  in  the  several  States;  and 
the  people  of  each  State  shall  have  free  ingress  and  r^ress  to  and 
from  any  other  State,  and  shall  enjoy  therein  all  the  privileges  of  trade 
and  commerce,  subject  to  the  same  duties,  impositions  and  restrictions 
as  the  inhabitants  thereof  respectively,  provided  that  such  restrictions 
shall  not  extend  so  far  as  to  prevent  the  removal  of  property  imported 
into  any  State,  to  any  other  State  of  which  the  owner  is  an  inhabitant ; 
provided  also  that  no  imposition,  duties  or  restriction  shall  be  laid  by 
any  State,  on  the  property  of  the  United  States,  or  either  of  them. 

If  any  person  guilty  of,  or  chained  with  treason,  felony,  or  other 
high  misdemeanor  in  any  State,  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  be  found 
in  any  of  the  United  States,  he  shall  upon  demand  of  the  Governor 
or  Executive  power,  of  the  State  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up 
and  removed  to  the  State  having  jurisdiction  of  his  offence. 

Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  of  these  States  to  the 
records,  acts  and  judicial  proceedings  of  the  courts  and  magistrates 
of  every  other  State. 

Article  V.  For  the  more  convenient  management  of  the  general 
interest  of  the  United  States,  delegates  shall  be  annually  appointed  in 
such  manner  as  the  legislature  of  each  State  shall  direct,  to  meet  in 
Congress  on  die  first  Monday  in  November,  in  every  year,  with  a 
power  reserved  to  each  State,  to  recall  its  delegates,  or  any  of  them, 
at  any  time  within  the  year,  and  to  send  others  in  their  stead,  for  the 
remainder  of  the  year. 

No  State  shall  be  represented  in  Congres.'i  hy  less  than  two,  nor  by 
more  than  seven  members ;  and  no  jjerson  shall  be  capable  of  being  a 
delegate  for  more  than  three  ycart,  in  any  temi  of  six  years ;  nor  shall 
-iny  person,  being  a  delegate,  be  capable  of  liolding  any  office  under 


THE  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION 


15 


the  United  States,  for  which  he,  or  another  for  his  benefit  receives 
any  salary,  fees  or  emolument  of  any  kind. 

Each  State  shall  maintain  its  own  delegates  in  a  meeting  of  the 
States,  and  while  they  act  as  members  of  the  committee  of  the  States. 

In  determining  questions  in  the  United  States,  in  Congress  assem- 
bled, each  State  shall  have  one  vote. 

Freedom  of  speech  and  debate  in  Congres:  shall  not  be  impeached 
or  questioned  in  any  court,  or  place  out  of  Congress,  and  the  mem- 
bers of  Congress  shall  be  protected  in  their  persons  from  arrests  and 
imprisonments,  during  the  time  of  their  going  to  and  from,  and  at- 
tendance on  Congress,  except  for  treason,  felony,  or  breach  of  the 
peace. 

Artice  VI.  No  State  witliout  the  consent  of  the  United  States  in 
Congress  assembled,  shall  send  any  embassy  to,  or  receive  any  embassy 
from,  or  enter  into  any  conference,  agreement,  alliance  or  treaty  with 
any  king,  prince  or  state ;  nor  shall  any  person  holding  any  office  of 
profit  or  trust  under  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them,  accept  of  any 
present,  emolument,  office  or  title  of  any  kmd  whatever  from  any 
king,  prince  or  foreign  state ;  nor  shall  the  United  States  in  Congress 
assembled,  or  any  of  them,  grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

No  two  or  more  States  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  confederation  or 
alliance  whatever  between  them,  without  the  consent  of  the  United 
States  in  Congress  assembled,  specifying  accurately  the  purposes  foi 
which  the  same  is  to  be  entered  into,  and  how  long  it  shall  continue. 

No  State  shall  lay  any  imposts  or  duties,  which  may  interfere  witli 
any  stipulations  in  treaties,  entered  into  by  the  United  States  in  Con- 
gress assembled,  with  any  king,  prince  or  state,  in  p-rsuance  of  any 
treaties  already  proposed  by  Congress,  to  the  courts  of  France  and 
Spain. 

No  vessels  of  war  shall  be  kept  up  in  time  of  peace  by  any  State 
except  such  number  only,  as  shall  be  deemed  necessary  by  the  United 
States  in  Congress  assembled,  for  the  defence  of  such  State,  or  its 
trade ;  nor  shall  any  body  of  forces  be  kept  up  by  any  State,  in  time 


m 


I 

ml] 


16 


THE  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION 


of  peace,  except  such  number  only,  as  in  the  judgment  of  the  United 
States,  in  Congress  assembled,  shall  be  deemed  requisite  to  garrison 
the  forts  necessary  for  the  defence  of  such  State;  but  every  State 
shall  always  keep  up  a  well  regulated  and  disciplined  militia,  suffi- 
ciently armed  and  accoutred,  and  shall  provide  and  constantly  have 
ready  for  use,  in  public  stores,  a  due  number  of  field  pieces  and  tents, 
and  a  proper  quantity  of  arms,  ammunition  and  camp  equipage. 

No  State  shall  engage  in  any  war  without  the  consent  of  the  United 
States  in  Congress  assembled,  unless  such  State  be  actually  invaded  by 
enemies,  or  shall  have  received  certain  advice  of  a  resolution  being 
formed  by  some  nation  of  Indians  to  invade  such  State,  and  the  danger 
is  so  imminent  as  not  to  admit  of  a  delay,  till  the  United  States  in 
Congress  assembled  can  be  consulted :  nor  shall  any  State  grant  com- 
missions to  any  ships  or  vessels  of  war,  nor  letters  of  marque  or  re- 
prisal, except  it  be  after  a  declaration  of  war  by  the  United  States  in 
Congress  assembled,  and  then  only  against  the  kingdom  or  state  and 
the  subjects  thereof,  against  which  war  has  been  so  declared,  and 
under  such  regulations  as  shall  be  established  by  the  United  Sutes  in 
Congress  assembled,  unless  such  State  be  infested  by  pirates,  ^n  which 
case  vessels  of  war  may  be  fitted  out  for  that  occasion,  and  kept  so 
long  as  the  danger  shall  continue,  or  until  the  United  States  in  Con- 
gress assembled  shall  determine  otherwise. 

Article  VII.  When  land-forces  are  raised  by  any  State  for  the 
common  defence,  all  officers  of  or  under  the  rank  of  colonel,  shall  be 
appointed  by  the  Legislature  of  each  State  respectively  by  whom  such 
forces  shall  x  raised,  or  in  such  manner  as  such  State  shall  direct, 
and  all  vacancies  shall  be  filled  up  by  the  State  which  first  made  the 
appointment. 

Article  VIII.  All  charges  of  war,  an<l  all  otl.er  expenses  that 
shall  be  incurred  for  the  common  defence  or  general  welfare,  and 
allowed  by  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled,  shall  be  defrayed 
out  of  a  common  treasury,  which  shall  be  supplied  by  the  several 
States,  in  proportion  to  the  value  of  all  land  within  each  Stito.  granted 
to  or  surveyed  for  any  person,  as  such  land  and  the  bui'.dings  and  im- 


THE  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION 


17 


provements  thereon  shall  be  estimated  acxwrding  to  such  mode  as  the 
United  States  in  Congress  assembled,  shall  from  time  to  time  direct 
and  appoint. 

The  taxes  for  paying  that  proportion  shall  be  laid  and  levied  by  the 
authority  and  direction  of  the  I>egistatures  of  the  several  States  within 
the  time  agreed  upon  by  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled. 

Articl'  IX.  Ths  United  States  in  Congress  assembled,  shall  have 
the  sole  and  exclusive  right  and  power  of  determining  on  peace  and 
war,  except  in  the  :ases  mentioned  in  the  sixth  article — of  sending 
and  receiving  ambassadors — entering  into  treaties  and  alliances,  pro- 
vided that  no  treaty  of  commerce  shall  be  made  whereby  the  legisla- 
tive power  of  the  respective  States  shall  be  restrained  from  imposing 
such  imposts  and  duties  on  foreigners,  as  their  own  people  are  sub- 
jected to,  or  from  prohibiting  the  exportation  or  importation  of  any 
species  of  goods  or  commodities  whatsoever—of  establishing  rules  for 
deciding  in  all  cases,  what  captures  on  land  or  water  shall  be  legal, 
and  in  what  manner  prizes  taken  by  land  or  naval  forces  in  the  sen'ice 
of  the  United  States  shall  be  divided  or  appropriated — of  granting  let- 
ters cf  marque  and  reprisal  in  times  of  peace — appointing  courts  for 
the  trial  of  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the  high  seas  and  es- 
tablishing courts  for  receiving  and  determining  finally  appeals  in  all 
cases  of  captures,  provided  that  no  member  of  Congress  shall  be  ap- 
pointed a  judge  of  any  of  the  said  courts. 

The  United  States  in  Congress  assembled  shall  also  be  the  last  re- 
sort on  a^Jeal  in  all  disputes  and  differences  now  subsisting  or  that 
hereafter  may  arise  between  two  or  nio  j  States  concerning  boundary, 
jurisdiction  or  any  other  cause  whatever:  which  authority  shall  always 
Le  exercised  in  the  manner  following.  Whenever  the  legislative  or 
executive  authority  or  lawful  agent  of  any  State  in  controversy  with 
another  shall  present  a  petition  to  Congress,  stating  the  matter  in  ques- 
tion and  praying  for  a  hearing,  notice  thereof  shall  be  given  by  order 
of  Congress  to  the  legislative  or  executive  authority  of  the  other  State 
in  controversy,  and  a  day  assigned  for  the  appearance  of  the  parties 
by  their  lawful  agents,  who  shall  then  be  directed  to  aj^xiint  by  joint 


18 


THE  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION 


consent,  commissioners  or  judges  to  constitute  a  court  for  hearing  and 
determining  the  matter  in  question:  but  if  they  can  not  agree,  Con- 
gress shall  name  three  persons  out  of  each  of  the  United  States,  and 
from  the  list  of  such  persons  each  party  shall  alternately  strike  out 
one,  the  petitioners  beginning,  until  the  number  shall  be  reduced  to 
thirteen;  and  from  that  number  not  less  than  seven,  nor  more  than 
nine  names  as  Congress  shall  direct,  shall  in  the  presence  of  Congress 
be  drawn  out  by  lot,  and  the  persons  whose  names  shall  be  so  drawn 
or  any  five  of  them,  shall  be  commissioners  or  judges,  to  hear  and 
finally  determine  the  controversy,  so  always  as  a  major  part  of  the 
judges  who  shall  hear  the  cause  shall  agree  in  the  determination :  and 
if  either  party  shall  neglect  to  attend  at  the  day  appointed,  without 
showing  reasons,  which  Congress  shall  judge  sufficient,  or  being  pres- 
ent shall  refuse  to  strike,  the  Congress  shall  proceed  to  nominate  three 
persons  out  of  each  State,  and  the  Secretary  of  Congress  shall  strike 
m  behalf  of  such  party  absent  or  refusing;  and  the  judgment  and  sen- 
tence of  the  court  to  be  appointed,  in  the  manner  before  prescribed, 
shall  be  final  and  conclusive;  and  if  any  of  the  parties  shall  refuse  to 
submit  to  the  authority  of  such  court,  or  to  appear  or  defend  their 
claim  or  cause,  the  court  shall  nevertheless  proceed  to  pronounce  sen- 
tence, or  judgment,  which  shall  in  like  manner  be  final  and  decisive, 
the  judgment  or  sentence  and  other  proceedings  being  in  either  case 
transmitted  to  Congress,  and  lodged  among  the  acts  of  Congress  for 
the  security  of  the  parties  concerned:  provided  that  every  commis- 
sioner, before  he  sits  in  judgment,  shall  take  an  oath  to  be  adminis- 
tered by  one  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  or  superior  court  of  the 
State,  where  the  cause  shall  be  tried,  "well  and  truly  to  hear  and  de- 
termine the  matter  in  question,  according  to  the  best  of  his  judgment, 
without  favour,  affection  or  hope  of  reward:"  provided  also  that  no 
State  shall  be  deprived  of  territory  for  the  benefit  of  the  United  States. 
All  controversies  concerning  the  private  right  of  soil  claimed  under 
different  grants  of  two  or  more  States,  whose  jurisdiction  as  they 
may  respect  such  lands,  and  the  States  which  passed  such  grants  are 
adjusted,  the  said  grants  or  either  of  them  being  at  the  same  time 


THE  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION 


19 


f. 


claimed  to  have  originated  antecedent  to  such  settlement  of  jurisdic- 
tion, shall  on  the  petition  of  either  party  to  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States,  be  finally  determined  as  near  as  may  be  in  the  same  manner  as 
is  before  prescribed  for  deciding  disputes  respecting  territorial  juris- 
diction between  different  States. 

The  United  States  in  Congress  assembled  shall  also  have  the  sole 
and  exclusive  right  and  power  of  regulating  the  alloy  and  value  of 
coin  struck  by  their  own  authority,  or  by  that  of  the  respective  States, 
—fixing  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures  throughout  the  Uniteo 
States.— regulating  the  trade  and  managing  all  affairs  with  the  Indians, 
not  members  of  any  of  the  States,  provided  that  the  legislative  right 
of  any  State  within  its  own  limits  be  not  infringed  or  violated —estab- 
lishing and  regulating  post-offices  from  one  State  to  another,  through- 
out all  the  United  States,  and  exacting  such  postage  on  the  papers 
passing  thro'  the  same  as  may  be  requisite  to  defray  the  expenses  of 
the  said  office— apiwinting  all  officers  of  the  land  forces,  in  the  service 
of  the  United  States,  excepting  regimental  officers — appointing  all  the 
officers  of  the  naval  forces,  and  commissioning  all  officers  whatever  in 
the  service  of  the  United  States — making  rules  for  the  government 
and  regulation  of  the  said  land  and  naval  forces,  and  directing  their 
operations. 

The  United  States  in  Congress  assembled  shall  have  authority  to 
appoint  a  committee,  to  sit  in  the  recess  of  Congress,  to  be  denomi- 
nated "A  Committee  of  the  States,"  and  to  consist  of  one  delegate 
from  each  State  \iid  to  appoint  such  other  committees  and  civil  offi- 
cers as  may  be  necessary  for  managing  the  general  affairs  of  the 
United  States  under  their  direction — to  appoint  one  of  their  number 
to  preside,  provided  that  no  person  be  allowed  to  serve  in  the  office  of 
president  more  than  one  year  in  any  term  of  three  years ;  to  ascertain 
the  necessary  sums  of  money  to  be  raised  for  the  service  of  the  United 
States,  and  to  appropriate  and  apply  the  same  for  defraying  the  pub- 
lic expenses — to  borrow  money,  or  emit  bills  on  the  credit  of  the 
United  States,  transmitting  every  half  year  to  the  respective  States  an 
account  of  the  sums  of  money  so  borrowed  or  emitted, — to  build  and 


20 


THE  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION 


equip  a  navy — to  agree  upon  the  number  of  land  forces,  and  to  make 
requisitions  f n>m  each  State  for  its  quota,  in  proportion  to  the  number 
of  white  inhabitants  in  such  State ;  which  requisition  shall  be  binding, 
and  thereupon  the  Legislature  of  each  State  shall  appoint  the  regi- 
mental officers,  raise  the  men  and  death,  arm  and  equip  them  in  a 
soldier  like  manner,  at  the  expense  of  the  United  States ;  and  the  offi- 
cers and  men  so  cloathed,  armed  and  equipped  sha"  march  to  the  place 
appointeti,  and  within  the  time  agreed  on  by  the  United  States  in 
Congress  assembled:  but  if  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled 
shall,  on  consideration  of  circumstances  judge  proper  that  any  State 
should  not  raise  men.  or  should  raise  a  smaller  number  than  its  quota, 
and  that  any  other  State  should  raise  a  greater  number  of  men  than 
the   quota    thereof,    such    extra    number    shall    be    raised,    officered, 
cloathed.  armed  and  equipped  in  the  same  manner  as  the  quota  of  such 
State,  unless  the  legislature  of  such  State  shall  judge  that  such  extra 
number  cannot  be  safely  spared  out  of  the  same,  in  which  case  they 
shall  raise  officer,  cloath,  arm  .and  equip  as  many  of  such  extra  num- 
ber as  they  judge  can  be  -afely  spared.     And  the  officers  and  men  so 
cloathed,  armed  and  equii^ped,  shall  march  to  the  place  apixiinted,  and 
within  the  time  agreed  on  by  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled. 
The  United  States  in  Congress  assembled  shall  never  engage  in  a 
war,  nor  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  in  time  of  peace,  nor 
enter  into  any  treaties  or  alliances,  nor  coin  money,  nor  regulate  the 
\alue  thereof,  nor  ascertain  the  sums  and  expenses  necessary  for  the 
defence  and  welfare  of  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them,  nor  emit 
bills,  nor  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States,  nor  appro- 
priate money,  nor  agree  upon  the  number  of  vessels  of  war,  to  be 
built  or  purchased,  or  the  number  of  land  or  sea  forces  to  be  raised, 
nor  appoint  a  commander  in  chief  of  the  army  or  navy,  unless  nine 
States  assent  to  the  same :  nor  shall  a  question  on  any  other  point,  ex- 
cept for  adjourning  from  day  to  day  be  determined,  unless  by  the 
votes  of  a  majority  of  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled. 

The  Congress  of  the  United  States  shall  have  power  to  adjourn  to 
any  time  wKiun  the  year,  and  to  any  place  within  the  United  States, 


THE  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION 


21 


SO  that  no  period  of  adjoumment  be  for  a  longer  duration  than  the 
space  of  six  months,  and  shaJI  publish  the  joumaJ  of  their  proceedings 
monthly  except  such  parts  thereof  relating  to  treaties,  alliances  or  mili- 
tary operatbns,  as  in  their  judgment  require  secresy;  and  the  yeas 
and  nays  of  the  delegates  of  each  State  on  any  question  shall  be  en- 
tered on  the  journal,  when  it  is  desired  by  any  delegate ;  and  the  dele- 
gates of  a  State,  or  any  of  them,  at  his  or  their  request  shall  be  fur- 
nished with  a  transcript  of  the  said  journal,  except  such  parts  as  are 
above  excepted,  to  lay  before  the  Legislatures  of  the  several  States. 

Article  X.  The  committee  of  the  States,  or  any  nine  of  them, 
shall  be  authorized  to  execute,  in  the  recess  of  Congress,  such  of  the 
powers  of  Congress  as  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled,  by 
the  consent  of  nine  States,  shall  from  time  to  time  think  expedient  to 
vest  them  with ;  provided  that  no  power  be  delegated  to  the  said  com- 
mittee, for  the  exercise  of  which,  by  the  articles  of  confederation,  the 
voice  of  nine  States  in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  assembled 
is  requisite. 

Article  XI.  Canada  acceding  to  this  confederation,  and  joining  in 
the  measures  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  admitted  into,  and  e.ititled 
to  all  the  advantages  of  this  Union :  but  no  other  colony  shall  be  ad- 
mitted into  the  same,  unless  such  admission  be  agreed  to  by  nine 
States. 

Article  XII.  All  bills  of  credit  emitted,  monies  borrowed  and 
debts  contracted  by,  or  under  the  authority  of  Congress,  before  the 
assembling  of  the  United  States,  in  pursuance  of  the  present  confed- 
eration, shall  be  deemed  and  considered  as  a  charge  against  the  United 
States,  for  pa}'ment  and  satisfaction  whereof  the  said  United  States, 
and  the  public  faith  are  hereby  solemnly  pledged. 

Article  XIII.  Ever>'  State  shall  abide  by  the  determinations  of 
the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled,  on  all  questions  which  by 
this  confederation  are  submitted  to  them.  And  the  articles  of  this 
confederation  shall  be  inviolably  observed  by  every  State,  and  the 
Union  shall  be  perpetual;  nor  shall  any  alteration  at  any  time  here- 
after be  made  in  any  of  them ;  unless  such  alteration  be  agreed  to  in 


1^ 
1^ 


f* 


22 


THE  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION 


a  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  be  afterwards  confirmed  by  the 
Legislatures  of  every  State. 

And  whereas  it  hath  pleased  the  Great  Governor  of  the  world  to 
incline  the  hearts  of  the  Legislatures  we  respectively  represent  in  Con- 
gress, to  approve  of,  and  to  authorize  us  to  ratify  the  said  articles  of 
confederation  and  perpetual  union.  Know  ye  that  we  the  undersigned 
delegates,  by  virtue  of  the  power  and  authority  to  us  given  for  thai 
purpose,  do  by  these  presents,  in  the  name  and  in  behalf  of  our  re- 
spective constituents,  fully  and  entirely  ratify  and  co.ifirm  each  and 
every  of  the  said  articles  of  confederation  and  perpetual  union,  and  all 
and  singular  the  matters  and  things  therein  contained:  And  we  do 
further  solemnly  plight  and  engage  the  faith  of  our  respective  constitu- 
ents, that  they  shall  abide  by  the  determinations  of  the  United  States 
in  Congress  assembled,  on  all  questions,  which  by  the  said  confedera- 
tion are  submitted  to  them.  And  that  the  articles  thereof  shall  be  in- 
violably observed  by  the  States  we  re[s]pectively  represent,  and  that 
the  Union  shall  be  perpetual. 

In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  in  Congress. 
Done  at  Philadelphia  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  the  ninth  day  of 
July  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy- 
eight,  and  in  the  third  year  of  the  independence  of  America. 


On  the  part  &  behalf  of  the  State  of  New  Hampshire. 

Josi.AH  Bartlett,  John  Wentworth,  Junr., 

August  8th,  1778. 

On  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts  Bay. 


John  Hancock, 
Samuel  Adams, 
Eldbridge  Gerry, 


Francis  Dana, 
James  Lovell, 
Samuel  Holten. 


On  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  State  of  Rhode  Island  and  Proziidence 

Plantations. 


William  Ellerv, 
Henry  March  ant, 


John  Collins. 


THE  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDE     iTION 


23 


1 


On  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  State  of  Connecticut. 
Roger  Sherman,  Titus  Hosmer, 

Samuel  Huntington,  Andrew  Adams. 

Oliver  Wolcott, 

On  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
Jas.  Duane,  Wm.  EhjER, 

Fra.  Lewis.  Gouv.  Morris. 

On  the  part  and  in  behalf  of  the  State  of  Netv  Jersey,  Now.  z6,  1778. 

JnO.   WiTIlERSPOON.  NaTHL.  ScUDDER. 

On  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 
Ri.BT.  Morris.  William  Clingan, 

Daniel  Roberdeal,  Joseph  Reed,  22d  July,  1778. 

Jona.  Bayard  Smith, 

On  the  part  &  behalf  of  the  State  of  Delaware. 

Tho.  M'Kean,  Feby.  12,  1779.  Nicholas  Van  Dyke. 

John  Dickinson,  May  5th,  1779. 

On  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  State  of  i  (aryland. 
John  Hanson,  March  1,  1781.  Daniel  Carroll.  Mar.  1,  1781. 

On  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  State  of  I'tr^nia. 
Richard  Henry  Lee,  Jno.  Harvie, 

John  Banister,  Francis  Lightfoot  Lee. 

Thomas  Adams, 

On  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  State  of  No.  Carolina. 

John  Pf.nn,  July  21st,  1778.  Jno.  Williams. 

Corns.  H.\rnett. 

On  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina. 
HsNRV  Lai  iiiNs,  Richd.  Hutson, 

«  ELi.ikM  Henry  DRAYTr>N,  Thos.  Heyward,  Junr. 

On  the  part  &  behalf  of  the  State  of  Georgia. 
Tnp  T;A£.Tr      24th  July,  1778.  Edwd.  Langwokthy. 

EuBK.    Tsi.fair, 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES 


'^Mi 


ffi- 


'i 


HISTORICAL  N0TE.1 

In  May,  1785,  a  committee  of  Congress  made  a  report  recommending  an  alter- 
ation in  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  but  no  action  was  taken  on  it,  and  it 
was  left  to  the  SUte  Legislatures  to  proceed  in  the  matter.  In  January,  1786. 
the  Legislature  of  Virginia  passed  a  resolution  providing  for  the  appointment 
of  five  commissioners,  who,  or  any  three  of  them,  should  meet  such  com- 
missioners as  might  be  appointed  in  the  other  Sutes  of  the  Union,  at  a  time 
and  place  to  be  agreed  upon,  to  take  into  consideration  the  trade  of  the 
United  States;  to  consider  how  far  a  uniform  system  in  their  commercial 
regulations  may  be  necessary  to  their  common  interest  and  their  permanent 
harmony;  and  to  report  to  the  several  States  such  an  act,  relative  to  this 
great  object,  as.  when  ratified  by  them,  will  enable  the  United  States  in  Con- 
gress effectually  to  provide  for  the  same.  The  Virginia  commissioners,  after 
some  correspondence,  fixed  the  first  Monday  in  September  as  the  time,  and 
the  city  of  Annapolis  as  the  place  for  the  meeting,  but  only  four  other  States 
were  represented,  yit:  Delaware.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania; 
the  commissioners  appointed  by  Massachusetts,  New  .Hampshire,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  Rhode  Island  failed  to  attend.  Under  the  circumstances  of  so  par- 
tial a  representation,  the  commissioners  present  agreed  upon  a  report  (drawn 
by  Mr.  Hamilton,  of  New  York,)  expressing  their  unanimous  conviction  that 
it  might  essentially  tend  to  advance  the  interests  of  the  Union  if  the  States 
by  which  they  were  respectively  delegated,  would  concur,  and  use  their  en- 
deavors to  procure  the  concurrence  of  the  other  States,  in  the  appointment 
of  commissioners  to  meet  at  Philadelphia  on  the  second  Monday  of  May  fol- 
lowing, to  take  into  consideration  the  situation  of  the  United  States ;  to  devise 
such  further  provisions  as  should  appear  to  them  necessary  to  render  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  Federal  Government  adequate  to  the  exigencies  of  the  Union ; 
and  to  report  such  an  act  for  that  purpose  to  the  United  States  in  Congress  as- 
sembled as.  when  agreed  to  by  them  and  afterwards  confirmed  by  the  Legisla- 
tures of  every  State,  would  effectually  provide  for  the  same. 

Congress,  on  th.  21st  of  February.  1787.  adopted  a  resolution  in  favor  of 
a  convention,  and  the  Legislatures  of  those  States  which  had  not  already 
done  so  (with  the  exception  of  Rhode  Island)  promptly  app<iinted  delegates. 
On  the  2Sth  of  May,  seven  States  having  convened,  r^orge  Washington,  of 
Virginia,  was  unanimously  elected  President,  and  the  consideration  of  the 
proposed  constitution  was  commenced.  On  the  17th  of  September.  1787,  the 
Constitution  as  engrossed  and  agreed  upon  was  signed  by  all  the  members  pres- 
ent, except  Mr.  Gerry,  of  Massachusetts,  and  Messrs.  Mason  and  Randolph,  of 
Virginia.     The  president  of  the  convention  transmitted  it  to  ConRre-s,  with  a 


''I 


•Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States.  IS78,  p.  17. 


»1 


ill 


28 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


resolution  stating  how  the  proposed  Federal  Government  should  be  put  in 
operation,  and  an  explanatory  letter.  Congress,  on  the  28th  of  September,  1787, 
directed  the  Constitution  so  framed,  with  the  resolutions  and  letter  concerning 
the  same,  to  "be  transmitted  to  the  several  Legislatures  in  order  to  be  sub- 
mitted to  a  convention  of  delegates  chosen  in  each  State  by  the  people  thereof, 
in  conformity  to  the  resolves  of  the  convention." 

On  the  4tli  of  March,  1789,  the  day  which  had  been  6xed  for  commencing  the 
operations  of  Government  under  the  new  Constitution,  it  had  been  ratified  by 
the  conventions  chosen  in  each  State  to  consider  it,  as  follows :  Delaware,  De- 
cember 7,  1787;  Pennsylvania,  December  12,  1787;  New  Jersey,  December  18, 
1787;  Georgia,  January  2,  1788;  Connectiait,  January  9,  1788;  Massachusetts, 
February  6,  1788;  Maryland.  April  28,  1788;  South  Carolina,  May  23,  1788; 
New  Hampshire,  June  21,  1788;  Virginia,  June  26,  1788;  and  New  York,  July 
26,  1788. 

The  President  informed  Congress,  on  the  ^th  of  January,  1790,  that  North 
Carolina  had  ratified  the  Constitution  November  21,  1789;  and  he  informed 
Congress  on  the  1st  of  June,  '790,  that  Rhode  Island  had  ratified  the  Constitu- 
tion May  29,  1739.  Vermont,  in  convention,  ratified  the  Constitution  January 
10,  1789,  and  was,  by  an  act  of  Congress  approved  February  19,  1791,  "received 
and  admitted  into  this  Union  as  a  new  and  entire  member  of  the  United  States." 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES-1787' 

We  the  People  of  the  United  States,  in  Order  to  form  a  more  per- 
fect Union,  establish  Justice,  insure  domestic  Tranquility,  provide  for 
the  common  defence,  promote  the  general  Welfare,  and  secure  the 
Blessings  of  Liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  Posterity,  do  ordain  and 
establish  this  Constitution  for  the  United  States  of  America. 

Article  I. 

Section  1.  All  legislative  Powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives. 

Section  2.  "'The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of 
Members  chosen  every  second  Year  by  the  People  of  the  several  States, 
and  the  lllectors  in  each  State  shall  have  the  Qualifications  requisite 
for  Electors  of  the  most  numerous  Branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 

'"No  Person  shall  be  a  Representative  who  shall  not  have  attained 
to  the  Age  of  twenty-five  Years,  and  been  seven  Years  a  Citizen  of 
the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  Inhabitant 
of  that  State  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

•"♦[Representatives  and  direct  Taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the 
several  States  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union,  according  to 
their  respective  Xtimbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the 
whole  Number  of  free  Persons,  including  those  bound  to  Service  for  a 
Term  of  Years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three  fifths  of  all 
other  Persons.]  The  actual  Knumeration  shall  be  made  within  three 
Years  after  the  first  Meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and 

'The  text  of  the  Constitution,  the  amendments  thereto,  the  notes  appended, 
and  tlie  Index,  arc  taken  from  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  1878. 
and  Senate  Oocument  No.  12,  6M  Congress.  1st  Session. 

The  nunihers  prel'ixeil  to  the  clauses  of  the  Constitutio.i,  and  here  placed 
in  parentheses,  do  not  appear  in  the  original  text. 

*The  clau-e  iiirhhled  in  lpr;u-kets  is  amended  hv  the  fourteenth  amendment, 
second  section  (page  48  of  this  publication]. 


I 


30 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


within  every  subsequent  Term  of  ten  Years,  in  such  Manner  as  they 
shall  by  Law  direct.  The  Number  of  Representatives  shall  not  exceed 
one  for  every  thirty  Thousand,  but  each  State  shall  have  at  Least  one 
Representative;  and  until  such  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  State 
of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  chuse  three,  Massachusetts 
eight,  Rhode-Island  and  Providence  Plantations  one,  Connecticut  five, 
New-York  six.  New  Jersey  four,  Pennsylvania  eight,  Delaware  one, 
Marylane'  -ix,  Virginia  ten.  North  Carolina  five,  South  Carolina  five, 
and  CiiJi};-''  three. 

'**\Vhen  vacancies  happen  in  the  Representation  from  any  State,  the 
Executive  Authority  thereof  shall  issue  Writs  of  Election  to  fill  such 
Vacancies. 

'^'The  House  of  Representatives  shall  chuse  their  Speaker  and  other 
Officers:  and  shall  have  the  sole  Power  of  Impeachment. 

Sectio.n  3.  [""The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of 
two  Senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  Legislature  thereof,  for 
six  Years;  and  each  Senator  shall  have  one  Vote.]* 

'*' Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  Consequence  of  the 
first  Election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three 
Classes.  The  .*>cats  of  thi  Senators  of  the  first  Class  shall  be  vacated 
.It  the  Expiration  of  the  second  Year,  of  the  second  Class  at  the  Ex- 
piration of  the  fourth  Year,  and  of  the  third  Gass  at  the  Expiration  of 
the  sixth  Year,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen  every  second  Year ; 
and  if  \'acancics  happen  by  Resignation,  or  otherwise,  during  the 
Recess  of  the  Legislature  of  any  State,  the  E.xecutive  thereof  may 
make  temporary  .\ppointnients  [until  the  next  Meeting  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, which  shall  then  till  such  \'acancies]. 

'^'No  Person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the 
Age  of  thirty  Years,  and  been  nine  Years  a  Citizen  of  the  United 
States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  Inhabitant  of  that 
."^tate  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 


'The  tir'-t  paraKfaph  nf  section  three  of  .Article  1,  of  the  Constitution  of 
tht  riiitcd  Statv*.  and  so  much  of  paranraph  two  of  the  same  section  as 
relates  tn  tillinjj  vacancies  .ire  amended  liy  the  seventeenth  amendment  to  the 
C'  n^titiitiun. 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  31 

<*>The  Vice  President  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  President  of  the 
Senate,  but  shall  have  no  Vote,  unless  they  be  equally  divided. 

'"The  Senate  shall  chuse  their  other  Officers,  and  also  a  President 
pro  tempore,  in  the  Absence  of  the  Vice  President,  or  when  he  shall 
exercise  the  Office  of  President  of  the  United  States. 

<«>The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  Power  to  try  all  Impeachments. 
When  sitting  for  that  Purpose,  they  shall  be  on  Oath  or  Affirmation. 
When  the  President  of  the  United  States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Justice  shall 
preside:  And  no  Person  shall  be  onvicted  without  the  Concurrence  of 
two  thirds  of  the  Members  present. 

''♦Judgment  in  Cases  of  Impeachment  shall  not  extend  further  than 
to  removal  from  Office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any 
Office  of  honor,  Trust  or  Profit  under  the  United  States:  but  the  Party 
convicted  shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  Indictment,  Trial, 
Judgment  and  Punishment,  according  to  Law. 

Section  4.  <')The  Times,  Places  and  Manner  of  holding  Elections 
for  Senators  and  Representatives,  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  State  by 
the  Legislature  thereof;  but  the  Congress  may  at  any  time  by  Law 
make  or  alter  such  Regulations,  except  as  to  the  Places  of  chusing 
Senators. 

•^'The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  Year,  and  such 
Meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless  they  shall 
by  Law  appoint  a  different  Day. 

Section  5.  <')Each  House  shall  be  the  Judge  of  the  Elections,  Re- 
turns and  Qualifications  of  its  own  Members,  and  a  Majority  of  each 
shall  constitute  a  Quorum  to  do  Business ;  but  a  smaller  Number  may 
adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  Attend- 
ance of  absent  Members,  in  such  Manner,  and  under  such  Penalties 
as  each  House  may  provide. 

")Each  House  may  determine  the  Rules  of  its  Proceedings,  punish 
its  Members  for  disorderly  Behaviour,  and,  with  the  Concurrence  of 
two  thirds,  expel  a  Member. 

'"Each  House  shall  keep  a  Journal  of  its  Proceedings,  and  from  time 
to  time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  Parts  as  may  in  their  Judg- 


32 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


ii 


ment  require  Secrecy;  and  the  Yeas  and  Nays  of  the  Members  of 
either  House  on  any  question  shall,  at  the  Desire  of  one  fifth  of  those 
Present,  be  entered  on  the  Journal. 

<*>  Neither  House,  during  the  Session  of  Congress,  shall,  without  the 
Consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any 
other  Place  than  that  in  which  the  two  Houses  shall  be  sitting. 

Section  6.  <*>The  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  receive  a  Com- 
pensation for  their  Services,  to  be  ascertained  by  Law,  and  paid  out  of 
the  Treasury  of  the  United  States.  They  shall  in  all  Cases,  except 
Treason,  Felony  and  Breich  of  the  Peace,  be  privileged  from  Arrest 
during  their  Atter'''>"ce  at  the  Session  of  their  respective  Houses,  and 
in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same;  and  for  any  Speech  or 
Debate  in  either  House,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other 
Place. 

<'>No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  Time  for  which 
he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  Office  under  the  Authority 
of  the  United  States,  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  Emolu- 
ments whereof  shall  have  been  encreased  during  such  time;  and  no 
Person  holding  any  Office  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  a  Mem- 
ber of  either  House  during  his  Continuance  in  Office. 

Section  7.  <'>A11  Bills  for  raising  Revenue  shall  originate  in  the 
House  of  Representatives ;  but  the  Senate  may  propose  or  concur  with 
Amendments  as  on  other  Bills. 

*">  Every  Bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Representatives 
and  the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  become  a  Law,  be  presented  to  the 
President  of  the  United  States ;  H  he  approve  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if 
not  he  shall  retarn  it,  with  his  Objections  to  that  House  in  which  it 
shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter  the  Objections  at  large  on  their 
Journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If  after  such  Reconsideration 
two  thirds  of  that  House  shall  •>jree  to  pass  the  Bill,  it  shall  be  sent, 
together  with  the  Objections,  to  the  other  House,  by  which  it  shall 
likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  two  thirds  of  that  House, 
it  shall  become  a  Law.  But  in  all  such  Cases  the  Votes  of  both  Houses 
shall  be  determined  by  Yeas  and  Nays,  and  the  Names  of  the  Persons 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  33 

voting  for  and  against  the  Bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  Journal  of  each 
House  respectively.  If  any  Bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President 
within  ten  Days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  pre- 
sented to  him,  the  Same  shall  be  a  Uw,  in  like  Manner  as  if  he  had 
signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by  their  Adjournment  prevent  its  Re- 
turn,  in  which  Case  it  shall  not  be  a  Law. 

<»'Every  Order,  Resolution,  or  Vote  to  which  the  Concurrence  of  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a 
question  of  Adjournment)  shall  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States ;  and  before  the  Same  shall  take  Effect,  shall  be  approved 
by  him,  or  being  disapproved  by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by  two  thirds 
of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  according  to  the  Rules 
and  Limitations  prescribed  in  the  Case  of  a  Bill. 

Section  8.  The  Congress  shall  have  Power  <')To  lay  and  collect 
Taxes,  Duties,  Imposts  and  Excises,  to  pay  the  Debts  and  provide  for 
the  common  Defence  and  general  Welfare  of  the  United  States ;  but  all 
Duties,  Imposts  and  Excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United 
States ; 

<'>To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States; 

<'>To  regulate  Commerce  with  foreign  Nations,  and  among  the  sev- 
eral States,  and  with  the  Indian  Tribes ; 

<*>To  establish  an  unifonn  Rule  of  xVaturalization.  and  uniform 
Laws  on  the  subject  of  Bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States ; 

<»>To  coin  Money,  regulate  the  Value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  Coin, 
and  fix  the  Standard  of  Weights  and  Measures ; 

<'>To  provide  for  the  Punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  Securities 
and  current  Coin  of  the  United  States ; 

<'>To  establish  Post  Offices  and  post  Roads ; 

">To  promote  the  Progress  of  Science  and  useful  Arts,  by  securing 
for  limited  Times  to  Authors  and  Inventors  the  exclusive  Right  to 
their  respective  Writings  and  Discoveries ; 

"'To  constitute  Tribunals  inferior  to  the  supreme  Court ; 

'""To  define  and  punish  Piracies  and  F"elonies  committed  on  the 
high  Seas,  and  Offenses  against  the  Law  of  Nations ; 


'Si 


ml] 


m 


He 


34 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


<">To  declare  War,  grant  Letters  of  Marque  and  Reprisal,  and  make 
Rules  concerning  Captures  on  Land  and  Water; 

'"*To  raise  and  support  Armies,  but  no  Appropriation  of  Money  to 
that  Use  shall  be  for  a  longer  Term  than  two  Years ; 

*"'To  provide  and  maintain  a  Navy ; 

'"'To  make  Rules  for  the  Government  and  Regulation  of  the  land 
and  naval  Forces ; 

•"'To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  Militia  to  execute  the  Laws  of 
the  Union,  suppress  Insurrections  and  repel  Invasions ; 

'"'To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplining  the  Militia, 
and  for  governing  such  Part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the 
Service  of  the  United  States,  reserving  to  the  States  respectively,  the 
Appointment  of  the  Officers,  and  the  Authority  of  training  the  Militia 
according  to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  Congress ; 

*'"To  exercise  exclusive  Legislation  in  all  Cases  whatsoever,  over 
such  District  (not  exceeding  ten  Miles  square)  as  may,  by  Cession  of 
particular  States,  and  the  Acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  Seat  of 
the  Government  of  the  United  States,  and  to  exercise  like  Authority 
over  all  Places  purchased  by  the  Consent  of  the  Legislature  of  the 
State  in  which  the  Same  shall  be,  for  the  Erection  of  Forts,  Maga- 
zines, Arsenals,  dock- Yards,  and  other  needful  Buildings; — And 

'"■'To  make  all  Laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  carry- 
ing into  Execution  the  foregoing  Powers,  and  all  other  Powers  vested 
by  this  Constitution  in  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any 
Department  or  Officer  thereof. 

Section  9.  "'^The  Migration  or  Importation  of  sucn  Persons  as  any 
of  the  States  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  pro- 
hibited by  the  Congress  prior  to  the  Year  one  thousand  eight  iiundred 
and  eight,  but  a  tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed  on  such  Importation,  not 
exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  Person. 

'-'The  Privilege  of  the  Writ  of  Habeas  Corpus  shall  not  be  sus- 
pended, unless  when  in  Cases  of  Rebellion  or  Invasion  the  public 
Safety  may  require  it. 

'"No  Bill  of  Attainder  or  ex  post  facto  I^w  shall  be  passed. 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  35 

*'*>Ko  Capitation,  or  other  direct,  Tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in  Pro- 
portion to  the  Census  or  Enumeration  herein  before  directed  to  be 
taken. 

<"No  Tax  or  Duty  shall  be  laid  on  Articles  exported  from  any  State. 

•"No  Preference  shall  be  given  by  any  Regulation  of  Commerce  or 
Revenue  to  the  Ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another:  nor  shall 
Vessels  bound  to,  or  from,  one  State,  l,e  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or 
pay  Duties  in  another. 

•"No  Money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury,  but  in  Consequence 
of  Appropriations  made  by  Law ;  and  a  regular  Statement  and  Account 
of  the  Receipts  and  Expenditures  of  all  public  Money  shall  be  pub- 
lished from  time  to  time. 

<'>No  Title  of  Nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States;  and 
no  Person  holding  any  Office  of  Profit  or  Trust  under  them,  shall 
without  the  Consent  of  the  Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  Emolu- 
ment. Office,  or  Title,  of  any  kind  whatever,  from  any  King,  Prince, 
or  foreign  State. 

Section  10.  •■)No  State  shall  enter  into  any  Treaty,  Alliance  or 
Confederation;  grant  Letters  of  Marque  and  Rep.isal;  coin  Money 
emit  Bills  of  Credit ;  make  any  Thing  but  gold  and  silver  Coin  a  Tender 
in  Payment  of  Debts ;  pass  any  Bill  of  Attainder,  ex  post  facto  Law  or 
Law  impairing  the  Obligation  of  Contracts,  or  grant  anv  Title'  of 
Nobility. 

•='No  State  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  the  Congress,  lay  any  Im- 
posts or  Duties  on  Imports  or  Exports,  except  what  may  be  absolutely 
necessary  for  executing  ifs  inspection  Laws:  and  the  net  Produce  of 
all  Duties  and  Imposts,  laid  by  any  State  on  Imports  or  Exports,  shall 
be  for  the  Use  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States;  and  all  such 
Laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  Revision  and  Control  of  the  Congress. 

•''No  State  shall,  without  the  Consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duty  of 
Tonnage,  keep  Troops,  or  Ships  of  War  in  time  of  Peace,  enter  into 
any  Agreement  or  Compact  vith  another  State,  or  with  a  foreign 
Power,  or  engage  in  War,  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  immi- 
nent Danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 

*See  XVI  Amendment. 


36 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


/Vrticle  II. 

Section  1.  '"The  executive  Power  shall  be  visted  in  a  President  of 
tlie  United  States  of  America.  He  shall  hold  his  Office  during  the 
Tenn  of  four  Years,  and,  together  with  the  Vice  President,  chosen 
for  the  same  Term,  be  elected,  as  follows : 

<«*Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  Manner  as  the  Legislature 
thereof  may  direct,  a  Number  of  Electors,  equal  to  the  whole  Number 
of  Senators  and  Representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled  in 
the  Coi.^'ess :  but  no  Senator  or  Representative,  or  Person  holding  an 
Office  of  Trust  or  Profit  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  appointed 
an  l^It'Ctiir. 

*[The  Electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by 
Ballot  for  two  persons,  of  whom  one  at  least  shall  not  be  an  Inhabitant 
of  tlie  same  State  with  themselves.  And  they  hall  make  a  List  of  all 
the  I'ersons  voted  for,  and  of  the  Number  of  Votes  for  each ;  which 
List  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  Seat  of  the 
Government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the 
Senate.  The  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  Presence  of  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  Certificates,  and  the 
\otes  shall  then  be  counted.  The  Person  having  the  greatest  Number 
of  Notes  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  Number  be  a  Majority  of  the 
whole  Number  of  Electors  appointed;  and  if  there  be  more  than  one 
who  have  such  Majority,  and  have  an  equal  Number  of  Votes,  then 
the  House  of  Representatives  shall  immediately  chuse  by  Ballot  one 
of  them  for  President:  and  if  no  Person  have  a  Majority,  then  from 
the  five  highest  on  the  List  the  said  House  shall  in  like  Manner  chuse 
the  President.  But  in  chusing  the  President,  the  Votes  shall  be  taken 
by  States,  the  Representation  from  each  State  having  one  Vote ;  A 
quorum  for  this  Purpose  shall  consist  of  a  Member  or  Members  from 
two  thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  Majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be 
necessary  to  a  Choice.  In  every  Case,  after  the  Choice  of  the  Presi- 
dent, the  Person  having  tlie  greatest  Number  of  X'otes  of  the  Electors 


•Thi'-  cl.iu-f  has  been   -ii[>erscde<l  by  the  twelfth  amendment  [page  45  of  this 

putiliiatii)n]. 


THE  CONSTI-  UTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  yj 

shall  be  the  Vice  President.  But  if  there  should  remain  two  or  more 
who  have  equal  Votes,  the  Senate  shall  chuse  from  them  by  Ballot  the 
Vice  f'rt-sident.] 

'"The  Congress  may  determine  the  Time  of  chusing  the  Electors, 
and  the  Day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  Votes;  which  Day  shall  be' 
the  same  throughout  the  United  States. 

(*>No  Person  except  a  natural  born  Citizen,  or  a  Citizen  of  the  United 
States,  at  the  time  of  the  Adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  eligible 
to  the  Office  of  President;  neither  shall  any  Person  be  eligible  to  that 
Office  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  Age  of  thirty  five  Years,  and 
been  fourteen  Years  a  Resident  within  the  United  States. 

">In  Case  of  the  Removal  of  the  President  from  Office,  or  of  his 
Death.  Resignation,  or  Inability  to  discharge  the  Powers  and  Duties 
of  the  said  (Office,  the  Same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice  President,  and 
the  Congress  may  by  Uw  provide  for  the  Case  of  Removal,  Death, 
Resignation  or  Inability,  both  of  the  President  and  Vice  President, 
declaring  what  Officer  shaU  then  act  as  President,  and  such  Officer 
shall  act  accordingly,  until  the  Disability  be  removed,  or  a  President 
shall  be  elected. 

<«)The  President  shall,  at  stated  Times,  receive  for  his  Services,  a 
Compensation,  which  shall  neither  be  encreased  nor  diminished  during 
the  Period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive 
within  that  Period  any  other  Emolui.ent  from  the  United  States,  or 
any  of  them. 

<'>Before  he  enter  on  the  Execution  of  his  Office,  he  shall  take  the 
following  Oath  or  Affirmation :— "I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that 
I  will  faithfully  execute  the  Office  of  President  of  the  United  States, 
and  will  to  the  best  of  my  Ability,  preserve,  protect  and  defend  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States." 

Section  2.  ("The  President  shall  be  Commander  in  Chief  of  the 
Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  Militia  of  the  several 
States,  when  called  into  the  actual  Service  of  the  United  States ;  he  may 
require  the  Opinion,  in  writing,  of  the  principal  Officer  in  each  of  the 
executive  Departments,  upon  any  Subject  relating  to  the  Duties  of 


",..?  I  i 


M 


IE  t 


38 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


their  respective  Offices,  and  he  shall  have  Power  to  grant  Reprieves 
and  Pardons  for  Offences  against  the  United  States,  except  in  Cases 
of  Impeachment 

•'>He  shall  have  Power,  by  and  with  the  Advice  and  Consent  of  the 
Senate,  to  make  Treaties,  provided  two  thirds  of  the  Senators  present 
concur ;  and  he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  Advice  and  Con- 
sent of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint  Ambassadors,  other  public  Ministers 
and  Consuls,  Judges  of  the  supreme  Court,  and  all  other  Officers  of 
the  United  States,  whose  Appointments  are  not  herein  otherwise  pro- 
vided for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by  Law:  but  the  Congress 
may  by  Law  vest  the  Appointment  of  such  inferior  Officers,  as  they 
think  proper,  in  the  President  alone,  in  the  Courts  of  Law,  or  in  the 
Heads  of  Departments. 

'"The  Pre»  ^ent  shall  have  Power  to  fill  up  all  Vacancies  that  may 
happen  during  the  Recess  of  the  Senate,  by  granting  Commissions 
which  shall  expire  at  the  End  of  their  next  Session. 

Section  3.  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress  Informa- 
tion of  the  State  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  Consideration 
such  Measures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient ;  he  may,  on 
:xtraordinary  Occasions,  convene  both  Houses,  or  either  of  them,  and 
in  Case  of  Disagreement  between  them,  with  Respect  to  the  Time  of 
Adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  Time  as  he  shall  think 
proper ;  he  shall  receive  Ambassadors  and  other  public  Ministers ;  he 
shall  take  Care  that  the  Laws  l)e  faithfully  executed,  and  shall  Com- 
mission all  the  Officers  of  the  United  States. 

Section  4.  The  President,  Vice  President  and  all  civil  Officers  of  the 
United  States,  shall  be  removed  from  Office  on  Impeachment  for,  and 
Conviction  of.  Treason,  Bribery,  or  other  high  Crimes  and  Misde- 
meanors. 

Article  III. 

Section  1.  The  judicial  Power  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  vested  in 
one  supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  Courts  as  the  Congress  may 
from  time  to  time  ordain  and  establish.  The  Judges,  l)oth  of  the 
supreme  and  inferior  Courts,  shall  hold   their  Offices  during  good 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  39 

Behaviour,  and  shall,  at  stated  Times,  receive  for  their  Services  a 
Compensation,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  Continuance 
in  Office. 

Section  2.  (OThe  judicial  Power  shall  extend  to  all  Cases,  in  Law 
and  Equity,  arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  Laws  of  the  United 
States,  and  Treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  Author- 
Uy;-to  an  Cases  affecting  Ambassadors,  other  public  Ministers  and 
Consuls  ;-to  all  Cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  Jurisdiction  ;-to 
Controvers.es  to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  Party  ;-to  Contro- 
vers,es  between  two  or  more  States  ;-between  a  State  and  Citizens  of 
another  State  ;-between  Citizens  of  different  States  ;-between  Citi- 
zens of  the  same  State  claiming  Unds  under  Grants  of  different  States 
and  between  a  State,  or  the  Citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  States.  Citi - 
zens  or  Subjects. 

«"In  all  Cases  affecting  Ambassadors,  other  public  Ministers  and 
Consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  Party,  the  supreme  Court 
shall  have  c  nal  Jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other  Cases  before  men- 
t.oned.  the  supreme  Court  shall  have  appellate  Jurisdiction,  both  as  to 
Law  and  Fact,  with  such  L  -ceptions.  and  under  such  Regulations  as 
the  Congress  shall  make. 

f>Thc  Trial  of  all  Crimes,  except  in  Cases  of  Impeachment,  shall  be 
by  Jury;  and  such  Trial  shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the  said 
Cnmes  shall  have  been  committed;  but  when  not  committed  within 
any  State,  the  Trial  shall  be  at  such  Place  or  Places  as  the  Congress 
may  by  Law  have  dirccte.l. 

Skction  3  -UTreason  against  the  United  States,  shall  consist  only  in 
Icvymg  War  against  them.  or.  in  adhering  to  their  Enemies,  giving 
them  Aid  and  Comfort.  No  Person  shall  be  convicted  of  Treason 
unless  on  the  Testimony  of  two  Witnesses  to  the  same  overt  Act.  or 
on  Confession  in  open  Court. 

•"The  Congress  shall  have  Power  to  declare  the  Punishment  of 
Treason,  but  no  Attainder  of  Treason  shall  work  Corruption  of  Hlood. 
or  Forfeiture  except  during  the  Life  of  the  Person  attainted. 


mm 


40 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Article  IV. 

Section  1.  Full  Faith  and  Credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the 
public  Acts,  Records,  and  judicial  Proceedings  of  every  other  State. 
And  the  Congress  may  by  general  Laws  prescribe  the  Manner  in  which 
such  Acts,  Records  and  Proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the  Effect 
thereof. 

Section  2.  <'>The  Citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all  Privi- 
leges and  Immunities  of  Citizens  in  the  several  States. 

<*>A  Person  charged  in  any  State  with  Treason,  Felony,  or  other 
Crime,  who  sha'  I'.ee  from  Justice,  and  be  found  in  another  State,  shall 
on  Demand  of  the  executive  Authority  of  the  State  from  which  he 
fled,  be  delivered  up,  to  be  removed  to  the  State  having  jurisdiction  of 
the  Crime. 

">No  Person  held  to  Service  or  Labour  in  one  State,  under  the  Laws 
thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall,  in  Consequence  of  any  I^w  or 
Regulation  therein,  be  discharged  from  such  Service  or  Labour,  but 
shall  be  delivered  up  on  Claim  of  the  Party  to  whom  such  Service  or 
Labour  may  be  due. 

Section  3.  ">New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Congress  into  this 
Union ;  but  no  new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  Juris- 
diction of  any  other  State ;  nor  any  State  be  formed  by  the  Junction  of 
two  or  more  States,  or  Parts  of  States,  without  the  Consent  of  the 
Legislatures  of  the  Stales  concerned  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

'"The  Congress  shall  have  Power  to  dispose  of  and  make  all  needful 
Rules  and  Regulations  respecting  the  Territory  or  other  Pr(^rty  be- 
longing to  the  United  States;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall 
be  so  construed  as  to  Prejudice  any  Claims  of  the  United  States,  or 
of  any  particular  State. 

Section  4.  The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  in  this 
Union  a  Republican  Form  of  Government,  and  shall  protect  each  of 
them  against  Invasion ;  and  on  Application  of  the  Legislature,  or  of 
the  Executive  (when  the  Legislature  cannot  be  convened)  against 
domestic  Violence. 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


41 


Article  V. 
The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  Houses  shall  deem  it 
necessary,  shall  propose  Amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or,  on  the 
Application  of  the  Legislatures  of  two  thirds  of  the  several  States,  shall 
call  a  Convention  for  proposing  Amendments,  which,  in  either  Case 
shall  be  valid  to  all  Intents  and  Purposes,  as  Part  of  this  Constitution' 
when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures  of  three  fourths  of  the  several  States 
or  by  Conventions  in  three  fourths  thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other 
Mode  of  Ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the  Congress;  Provided 
that  no  Amendment  which  may  be  made  prior  to  the  Year  Ore  thou- 
sand eight  hundred  and  eight  shall  in  any  Manner  afl'ect  the  first  and 
fourth  Clauses  in  the  Ninth  Section  of  the  first  Article;  and  that  no 
State,  without  its  Consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  it's  equal  Suffrage  in 
the  Senate. 


■-in 


Article  VL 

»>A1I  Debts  contracted  and  Engagements  entered  into,  before  the 
Adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  against  the  United 
States  under  this  Constitution,  as  under  the  Confederation. 

">This  Constitution,  and  the  Laws  of  the  United  States  which  shall 
be  made  in  Pursuance  thereof;  and  all  Treaties  made,  or  which  shall 
be  made,  under  the  Authority  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  t!,e  supreme 
Law  of  the  L;,nd;  and  the  Judges  in  everj-  State  shall  be  bound 
thereby,  any  Thing  in  the  Constitution  or  Laws  of  any  State  to  the 
Contrary  notwithstanding. 

'"The  Senators  and  Representatives  before  mentioned,  and  the 
Members  of  the  several  State  legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  judi- 
cial Officers,  both  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  .several  States,  shall 
be  bound  by  Oath  or  Affirmation,  to  support  this  Constitution ;  hut  no 
religious  Test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  Qualification  to  any  Office  or 
public  Trust  under  the  United  States. 


42 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Article  VII. 

The  Ratification  of  the  Conventions  of  nine  States,  shall  be  suffi- 
cient for  the  Establishment  of  this  Constitution  between  the  States 
so  ratifying  the  Same. 

Done  in  Convention  by  the  Unanimous  Consent  of  the  States  present 
the  Seventeenth  Day  of  September  h.  the  Year  of  our  Lord  one  thou- 
sand seven  hundred  and  Eigthy  seven,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the 
United  States  of  .\merica  the  Twelfth.  In  Witness  whereof  We  have 
hereunto  subscribed  our  Names. 

G?:  WASHINGTON 
Presidt  and  deputy  from  Virginia 

New  Hampshire. 

Nicholas  Gilman 
Massachusetts. 

RuFus  King 
Connecticut 

Roger  Sherm.an 
\ezc   York. 


John  Langdon 


Nathaniel  Gorham 


Wm.  Saml.  Johnson 


Alexander  Hamilton 


Wil:    LlVlNCSTON 

David  Brearley. 


B.  Franklin 
RoBT.  Morris 
Thos.  Fitzsi.m<ins 
James  Wu.s(in 

Geo:  Read 
John  Dickinson 
Jaco:  Rk<mim 


Xe^v  Jersey. 

\\  M.  Patterson 
Jon  a:  Dayton 

Pennsylvania. 

Thomas  Mifflin 
Geo.  Clymer 
Jared  Ingersoll 
Goiiv  MoRRi.'; 

Dclaivare. 

Gunning  Iiedford  Jun 
Richard  P.assfit 


•r^K^ 


James  McHenry 
Danl.  Carroll 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Maryland. 

Dan  of  St  Thos  Jenifer 


43 


John  Blair — 


Wm.  Blount 
Hu  Williamson 


J.  Rutlkdck 
Charles  Pinckney 


William  Few 
Attest 


Virginia. 

Jamks  Madison  Jr. 
North  Carolina. 

RiCHD  DOBBS  Si'AIGHT, 

South  Carolina. 

Charles  Coti  ^worth  Pim  knev 
Pierce  Butler. 

Georgia. 

A BR  Baldwin 
WILLIAM  JACKSOX    Secretarv 


Articles  i.\  Addition  To.  and  Amendment  Of,  the  Constitution 
OF  the  United  States  of  America.  I'roposed  by  Congress,  and 
Ratified  by  the  LEoi.sr.ATUREs  of  the  Several  States,  Pursuant 
TO  the  Fifth  .\rticle  of  the  Orujinal  Constitution. 

[Arttcle  I.]* 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of  religion, 
or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof ;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of 

•The  first  ten  amendment*  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  State's  were 
ScfJ^  f  c'"  "'*".''''"'.1'<!;^''''L?^  ^^^  **^"»'  States  by  the  First  Congress,  .m,  the 
2.'5th  of  ScptemlH-r.  1789.  They  were  ratified  hy  the  following  States,  and  tlie 
notification*  of  ratification  hy  the  governors  thereof  were  successively  com- 
municated hy  the  President  to  Congress:  New  Jersey.  Novomber  20.  1789; 
Maryl.ind.  December  19,  1789;  \orth  Carolina,  December  22,  17K"<:  South  Caro- 
^'•.•^l-T"o''  •''•,'790:  New  Hampshire.  January  25.  17<iO:  Delaware,  January 
28  17'^)  Pennsylvania.  March  10.  1790:  New  York,  March  27.  1790:  Rhode 
I^^"'''!""*"  '.-■•  '^*':  N'ermont.  Novcmlier  .1.  1791.  and  Virginia,  December  IS. 
1791.  Then-  is  m,  evidence  on  the  journals  ,.f  Congress  that  the  legislatures 
of   Connecticut,   Georgia,    anl    Massachusetts    r:itified    them. 


ri 


44 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


speech,  or  of  the  press ;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble, 
and  to  petition  the  (loverninent  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

[Article  II.] 

-A  well  regulated  Militia,  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free 
State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  Arms,  shall  not  be 
infringed. 

[Article  III.] 

Xo  Soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace  be  quartered  in  any  house,  with- 
out the  consent  of  the  Owner,  nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner 
to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

(Article  I\'.] 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses,  papers, 
and  effects,  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be 
violated,  and  no  Warrants  shall  issue,  but  upon  probable  cause,  sup- 
ported by  Oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly  describing  the  place  to 
be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 

[Article  V.] 

Xo  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital,  or  otherwise  in- 
famous crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  Grand  Jury, 
except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  Militia, 
when  in  actual  service  in  time  of  War  or  public  danger;  nor  shall  any 
person  be  subject  for  the  same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of 
life  or  limb ;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in  any  criminal  case  to  be  a  witness 
against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without 
due  process  of  law ;  nor  shall  private  property  Ik-  taken  for  public  use, 
without  just  compensation. 

[  Xrtici.e  VI.] 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a 
speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district 
wherem  the  crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have 
been  previously  ascertained  by  law.  and  to  he  informed  of  the  nature 
and  cause  of  the  accusation ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


45 


him ;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor, 
and  to  have  the  Assistance  of  Counsel  for  his  defence. 

[Articxe  VII.] 

In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed 
twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved,  and  no  fact 
tried  by  a  jury,  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  Court  of  the 
United  States,  than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

[Article  VIII.] 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor 
cruel  and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

[Article  IX.] 

The  enumeration  in  the  Con.stitution,  of  certain  rights,  sliall  not  be 
construed  to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  people. 

[Article  X.] 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the  Constitution, 
nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively, 
or  to  the  people. 

Article  XI.* 

The  Judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to 
extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or  prosecuted  against 
one  of  the  United  States  by  Citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  Citizens 
or  Subjects  of  any  Foreign  State. 

Article  Xll.f 

1  he  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  states  and  vote  by  ballot 
for  President  and  Vice-President,  one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be 

•The  eleventh  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was  pro- 
posed to  the  leKislatiires  of  the  several  States  by  the  Third  Conpress  „n  the 
Sth  of  March  1794;  and  was  declared  in  a  message  from  the  President  to  Con- 
Hrens,  dated  the  8th  of  January,  1798,  to  have  been  ratified  by  the  leijislatures 
of  three-fourths  of  the   States. 

tThe  twelfth  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was  pro- 
posed to  the  legislatures  of  the  several  States  by  the  Eighth  Congress,  on  the 
IZth  of  Oecember,  180,?.  in  lieu  of  the  original  third  paragraph  of  tlie  first  sec- 
tion of  the  second  article;  and  was  declared  in  a  proclamation  of  the  Secretary 
of  State,  dateil  the  25th  of  September,  1804,  to  have  been  ratified  by  the  legis- 
latures of  three-fourths  of   the  States. 


S.'il 


ill 


:i  f 


46 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


i  ^^ 


n 


an  inhabitant  of  the  same  state  with  themselves ;  they  shall  name  in 
their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  distinct  ballots 
the  person  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  they  shall  make  distinct 
lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  President,  and  of  all  persons  voted 
for  as  Vice-President,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each,  which  lists 
they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the 
Senate ;— The  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  presence  of  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates  and  the  votes 
shall  then  be  counted ; — The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes 
for  President,  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of 
the  whole  number  of  Electors  appointed ;  and  if  no  person  have  such 
majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest  numbers  not  ex- 
ceeding three  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as  President,  the  House  of 
Representatives  shall  choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the  President.    But 
in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  states,  the  repre- 
sentation from  each  state  having  one  vote ;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose 
shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  states, 
and  a  majority  of  all  the  states  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.    And 
if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not  choose  a  President  whenever 
the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of 
March  next  following,  then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  President, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional  disability  of  the 
President. —  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  Vice- 
President,  shall  be  the  Xice-President.  if  such  number  be  a  majority 
of  the  whole  number  of  Electors  appointed,  and  if  no  person  have  a 
majority,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list,  the  Senate 
shall  choose  the  \ice-President :  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist 
of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  shall  be  neccssan,-  to  a  choice.    But  no  person  constitu- 
tionally ineligible  to  the  office  of  President  shall  be  eligible  to  that  of 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 


.'\RTiru   XHI.* 

Si.cTi().\  1.  .WitliiT  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a 
puni>liiiienl  for  crime  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted, 

•Thf  thirleeiith  amtn<IiiKiif  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was 
propi>,etl  to  the  lci,HsIatnrcs  of  the  several  States  by  the  Thirty-eiKlith  Con- 
Kress,  on  the  1st  ,,i  February.  '   jj,  and  was  ded.ired.  in  a  proclamation  of  the 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  47 

shall  exist  within  the  United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  juris- 
diction. 

Section  2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by 
appropriate  legislation. 

Article  XIV.* 

Section  1.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States, 
and  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States 
and  of  the  State  wherein  they  reside.    No  State  shall  make  or  enforce 

Secretary  of  Sute.  dated  the  18th  of  December,  IbJS,  to  have  been  ratified  by 
if  /'^^^"i!^^  of  twenty-seven  of  the  thirty-six  States,  viz:  Illinois,  Rhode 
Island,  Michigan,  Maryland,  New  York,  West  Virginia,  Maine,  Kansas,  Mas- 
saclmsetts,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  Ohio,  Missouri,  Nevada,  Indiana.  Louisiana. 
Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Vermont,  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  Connecticut,  New  Hamp- 
shire, bouth  Carolina,  Alabama,  North  Carolina,  and  Georgia. 

♦The  fourteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the   United  States  was 
proposed  to  the  legislatures  of  the  several  States  by  the  Thirty-ninth  Congress, 
on  the  16th  of  June.  1866.    On  the  2Ist  of  July,  1868,  Congress  adopted  and 
transmitted  to  the  Department  of  Sute  a  concurrent  resolution  declaring  that 
the  legislatures  of  the  States  of  Connecticut,  Tennessee,  New  Jersey,  Oreeon 
Vermont,   New  York,  Ohio,   Illinois.   West  Virginia,   Kansas,  Maine,   Nevada,' 
Missouri.  Indiana,  Minnesota,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Nebraska    Iowa 
Arkansas,  Florida,   North  Carolina,  Alabama,  South  Carolina,  and  Louisiana,' 
being  three-fourths  and  more  of  the  several  States  of  the  Union,  have  ratified 
the  fourteenth  article  of  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
duly   proposed   by    two-thirds    of   each    House   of   the   Thirty-ninth    Congress' 
Therefore  Resolved,  That  said  fourteenth  article  is  hereby  declared  to  be  a  part 
of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  it  shall  be  duly  promulgated  as 
such  by  the  Secretary  of  State."    The  Secretary  of  State  accordingly  issued  a 
proclamation,  dated  the  28th  of  July,  1868.  declaring  that  the  proposed   four- 
teenth amendment  had  been  ratified,  in  the  manner  hereafter  mentioned    by  the 
legislatures  of  thirty  of  the  thirty-six  States,  viz :    Connecticut,  June  30    1866  • 
New  Hampshire,  July  7,  1866;  Tennessee,  July  19,  1866;  New  Jersey,  Septem- 
ber 11,  1866  (and  the  legislature  of  the  same  State  passed  a  resolution  in  April 
1868.  to  withdraw   its  consent  to   it);   Oregon,   September   19,   1866;   Vermont! 
November  9,  1866;  Georgia  rejected  it  November  13,  1866,  and  ratified  it  July 
21.  1868;  North  Carolina  rejected  it  December  4.  1866,  and  ratified  it  July  4, 
1868;    South   Carolina   rejected   it   December  20,    1866,   and    ratified    it   July   9, 
1868;  New  York  ratified  it  January  10,  1867;  Ohio  ratified  it  January  11,  1867 
(and  the  legislature  of  the  same  State  passed  a  resolution  in  January    1868   to 
withdraw  its  consent  to  it)  ;  Illinois  ratified  it  January  IS,  1867;  West  Virginia, 
January  16.  1867;  K,•ln^as.  J.inuary  18.  1867;  Maine,  January  19,   1867;  .\ev.ida 
January  22.   1867;  Missouri.  January  26,   1867;  Indiana.  January  20,  1867:  Min- 
nesota, February  1,  1867;  Rhode  Island,  February  7,  1867;  Wisconsin.  February 
13.  1867;  Pennsylvania,  February  13,  1867;  Michigan,  February  15.   1867-  Mas- 
sachusetts, March  20.  1867;  Nebraska.  June  15.   1867;  Iowa.  April  3.   1868;  Ar- 
kansas. April  6.  1868;  Florida,  June  9,  1868;  Louisiana.  July  9,   1868,  and  .Ma- 
bama,  July   U.  1868.     Genrijia  .igain   ratified  the  amendment  February  2.   1870. 
Texas  rejected  it  November  1.  18<)6,  and  ratified  it  February  18,  1870.    Virginia 
rejected  it  January  19,  1867,  and  ratified  it  October  8.  1869.    Thp  amendment  was 
rejected   by    Kentucky   January   10.    1867;   by   Delaware   February   8,    1867;   by 
Maryland  March  2.^.  1867,  and  was  not  afterwards  ratified  by  either  State. 


iili 


48 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


any  law  which  shall  abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  citizens  of 
the  United  States;  nor  shall  any  State  deprive  any  person  of  life 
liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law;  nor  deny  to  any 
person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

Section  2.  Representatives  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several 
States  according  to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  num- 
ber of  persons  in  each  State,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But  when 
the  right  to  vote  at  any  election  for  the  choice  of  electors  for  President 
and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  Representatives  in  Congress 
the  Executive  and  Judicial  officers  of  a  State,  or  the  members  of  the 
Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the  male  inhabitants  of  such 
State,  being  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation  in  rebellion,  or  other 
crime,  the  basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced  in  the  propor- 
tion which  the  number  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the  whole 
number  of  male  citizens  twenty-one  years  of  age  in  such  State. 

Section  3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Representative  in  Con- 
gress, or  elector  of  President  and  V'ice-Pesident,  or  hold  any  office, 
civil  or  military,  under  the  United  States,  or  under  any  State,  who.' 
having  previously  taken  an  oath,  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an 
officer  of  the  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  State  legislature, 
or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  State,  to  support  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States,  shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebel- 
lion against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof. 
But  Congress  may  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  House,  remove  such 
disability. 

Sectio.v  4.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States, 
authorized  by  law,  including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pensions 
and  bounties  for  services  in  suppressinj;  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall 
not  be  questioned.  But  neither  the  United  States  nor  any  State  shall 
assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection 
or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or  any  claim  for  the  loss  or 
emancipation  of  any  slave ;  but  all  such  debts,  obligations  and  claims 
shall  be  held  illegal  and  void. 

.'-F.rTioN  5.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropri- 
ate legislation,  the  provisions  of  this  article. 


THE  CONSTITITION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  49 

Article  X\'.* 

fTT\  '^^'  "'-^^^  °^  ''*''^"'  °^  '^^  '-'"i'*-d  States  to  vote  shall 
not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or  by  any  State  on 
account  of  race,  color,  or  previous  conditions  of  servitude- 

Sect/on  2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article 
by  appropriate  legislation. 

Article  XVI.f 
The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes  on  incomes 
from  whatever  source  derived,  without  apportionment  among  the  sev- 
eral  States,  and  without  regard  to  any  census  or  enumeration. 

•The  fifteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  tho  T-„;t»j  t;.  . 
l7r'of'VetJaT''V':-f  °V'"=  ^r'^^^"^^^^^  Co'nTe.r.:nX- 

twenty-nine  of  the  thirty-seven  -States  The  date  of  these  a.i^vff"",  °' 
ranged  i.n  the  order  of  their  reception  at  the  DeS  I^ent  ^f  State  wer"  V  om 
uZ%^uT^^^-^  ^-  ^^J  West  Virginia:  March  3.  lIS;  M^s  achuset.T 

Ohio,  January  27,  1870;  Iowa,  February  3.  1870;  Kansas   Januarv    8-19     870  • 

fhTLe'ndmem'  Fe"  uiry  tTs^. "'  ''''■    ^"^  ^'""=  °'  «-'«-  '"^  ^'^''^-^ 
tThe  sixteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was  nro- 

t'^e'l'tL^dSfof^u  vT^Ind'*  "7",'  ^'f^'  ''^  »"'  Si'ty-firstT^n^^ss"™ 
l^Lif^^LtKAJu-  a"d  was  declarrd.  in  an  announcement  hy  the  Secre- 
if  L    f  .{  *  :  '''^u^  February  25.  1913.  to  have  been  ratified  by  the  leeislatures 
of  the  following  thirty-eight  of  the  forty-eight  States.    The  dates  of  thf  e  rat  fi 
cations  wer.^    Alabama.  August  17,   1909;  Kentucky.  February  8    1910     South 
I?in    oil  h'*""*?,  ^V  ',^."^;o.'^"""''-   ^'^-^^h    !•    1910:   Mississippi.  Xrch   11 
lQn=  ?    '^  °  a"'  ^'f'fl'  i'^;«''^=.^»'"y'»"''-  April  8.  1910;  Georgia.  Au^,t  3 
nril;J''f '■  ^"'^V    ^•,^'?.V  °.^'"-  •'='"»"y  '9-  1911;  Idaho.  Janua;y  20^911 
flmi-^lu^Z^V^^^'-  Wa.^h.ngton,  January  26.   1911;  California,  jknua); 
rn^rlg   1011     M  K-  Jfu^Jiy  •''•  1911;  Indiana.  Fehruary  6,  1911;  .Vevada.  Feb- 
ruarys. 1911 ;  Nebraska   Febru.-.ry  11.  1911;  North  Carolina,  February  11    1911- 

ruar°J"2?'  fou"T  ^'  ru  '  ^""i',  ^,±''-  ^'^'""y  2'.  I"!! :  M.c  fiRan.  Feb: 
\,^uh  ?nV,'  w"?'  l^f^''"ary  27.  1911;  Kansas.  Mar,  h  6,  1911;  Missouri 
AnHl  2]  igTlW^  ■""'■■  ■^'"T?  '^hJV.l  Tennessee.  Apr.l  11  1911  AI  "sa  '. 
n^L  .  -PK  •  ^^r?;;.-i"'  !-^^y  26,  1911;  New  York.  Julv  12,  1911:  .>uth 
Dakoa,  February  X  1912:  Ariicnia.  April  9.  1912:  Minnesota  r,me  1'  1912 
\^r^JtJ-  ''J2=  Dolawaro  February  X  1913;' Wyomin.!.'' F--bn,a'v'l 
S,!','  ^f".  ^^"^>:-  F'-l'riiary  .=;,  1913:  New  Mexico.  Fehrunrv  5.  ->\X  The 
amendn'ient  """""""•  "^'"P^hi^e,  Rhode  Islan.I,  an.l   Utal,  rejected   this 


50 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


?    5 


n 


I  i 


Article  XVII.* 

'"The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two  Sena- 
tors from  each  S.ate,  elected  by  the  people  thereof,  for  six  years;  and 
each  Senator  shall  have  one  vote.  The  electors  in  each  State  shall 
have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the  most  numerous 
branch  of  the  State  legislaturi  s. 

'''When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  of  any  State  in  the 
Senate,  the  executive  authority  of  such  State  shall  issue  writs  of  elec- 
tion to  fill  such  vacancies :  Provided,  That  the  legislature  of  any  State 
may  empower  the  executive  thereof  to  make  temporary  appointment 
until  the  people  fill  the  vacancies  by  election  as  the  legislature  may 
direct. 

'''This  amendment  shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to  affect  the  election 
or  term  of  any  Senator  chosen  before  it  becomes  valid  as  part  of 
the  Constitution. 

♦The  seventeenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was 
proposed  to  the  legislatures  of  the  several  States  by  the  Sixt>-second  Congress 
on  the  16th  dav  of  May.  1912.  and  was  declared,  in  an  announcement  by  the 
Secretary  of  State,  dated  May  31,  1913,  to  have  been  ratified  by  the  legislatures 
of  the  followme  thirtv-six  of  the  forty-eight  States.  The  dates  of  these  ratifi- 
cations were:  Massachusetts.  May  22,  1912;  Arizona,  June  3,  1912;  Minnesota, 
Tune  10.  1912;  New  \ork,  January  15.  1913;  Kansas,  January  17,  1913;  Oregon 
■IS^i'^T.^'l-. '^'^=.  ^'"^"^  Carolina,  January  25,  1913;  California,  January  28, 
1913;  Michigan  January  28,  1913;  Idaho,  January  31,  1913;  West  Virginia. 
February  4,  1913 ;  Nebraska.  February  5,  1913 ;  Iowa.  February  6,  1913  •  Mon- 
tena,  February  7  1913;  Texas,  February  7.  1913;  Washington,  February  7. 
1913;  Wyoming,  February  11,  1913;  Colorado,  February  13.  1913-  Illinois  Feb- 
ruary 13,  1913;  North  Dakota,  February  18,  1913;  Nevada,  February  19  'l913- 
Vermont,  February  19,  1913;  Maine,  February  20,  1913;  Ne'  Hampshire  Feb^ 
ruary  21.  1913;  Oklahoma.  February  24.  1913;  Ohio.  Februa.y  25.  1913'South 
Dakota,  February  27,  1913:  Indiana.  March  6,  1913;  Missouri,  March  7  1913- 
New  Mexico,  March  IS,  1913;  New  Jersey,  March  18.  1913;  Tennessee,'  April 

A      I    i'=    loA"' «••'""■''• '■'w''^'-'^  Connecticut.  April  15,   1913;  Pennsylvania, 
April   15,   1913 :   \\  isconsm.  May  9,   1913. 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION. 

bridged.    The  privileges  or  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United  '"'  '^'''  "'• 
States  shall  not  be.    (AmendmentsI ....  "  """^  unitea 

"•^T  "C*^::^.,!"  ^^J"?/-"  -'I  -'I"  -ch'peraitiesas   '' 


the 


money  shall  be 

:   ..f  'he 

:io<-  ,sed  shall  be 
lAn-.ert!"         ' 


M.lt  • 


i^tS^oK; .  .^^'.  ""T^.  '--"-^-d';;.  compel 

Accounts  of  receipts  and  expenditures  of'p 

publislied  from  time  to  time.     A  stat  . 

Accusation.    In  all  criminal  prosecution     ■ 

mformed  of  the  cause  and  nature     •  ti 

Accused  shall  have  a  speedy  public  tJ     '      - 

cutions   the.     [  Amendments! ... . 

He  shall  he  tried  hy  an  impartial  ■  f 

where  the  crime  was  comni:i    c      |     , 
He    shall    be    informed    of    t'       it,. 

[Amendments]     

He    shall    he    confronted    wr        ii      i 

[Amendments]     

He  shall  have  compulsory  p  .     ,,   ,  |, 

his   favor.      [.Amendmen 
He   shall   have   the   assistance   .  i     <,i- 

lAmendmcnts]    

Actions  at  common  law  involving  over  tn  ■ 

tried  by  jury.     [Amendments]    .... 
Acts   records,  and  judicial  proceedings  i 
faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each' 

^^'^rec^rZTnV'irr'icS?  '""^  '"^"""  "'  "-'"^  -="  -'^■- 

''"'"each  House 'J:,Iy '.'':•.  "^  --"-""-ber- than' a  quorum  of 

Wrf/o«r«  for  more  than  three  days,' noV  to"  any  other  place  than 

hfrn'",:^t'   n'  ff  ""'  ""'"?\    ^'^■^"^  »ousT sh^l 
other    ...    ..!  <-ongre>,.  without  the  consent  of  the 

'^'''ZTu'^^t  P^"''"'"^^'"''  n^ay'adjourn  'th^em  io 'such' lime  a^ 
.wo 'HoutT'as^ro'"^^-    '"  '^^^'^  "■  ''•-«— t  betwee"rt.:: 

-"'^s  ?oi.,y^2:r:f!""^*"^''""  ■^'^^■^"'"-■■p°-"  ■^'-" 

"^"^"[''['■fu  u^\^^^  Congress  into  this  Unioni  bui  no' new' States 

other  ^t,r"'v    '\r''''^     ^'"^'"'  "'^  jurisdiction  of  a^^ 
other  State.     New  States  mav  be. . . .  ^ 

Nor  shall  any  Stato  bo  formod  by  Ae  junction  o'f  two  or 

States,   or   parts   of   States,    without   the 

legislatures  and  of  Congress  . 

Adoption  of  the  Constitution  shall  be  valid. '  'ah'  'debts  and  en 

gagements  c-ntrac.ed  l,y  the  Confederation  ad  be /^"e  t  u     6 

Advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate.     The  President     ha  1  Vi  e 

power  to  mnkc  treaties  bv  and  with  the  7 

by"  and  ^^"Ihe"" . ,"'  """"  ""''"'  -"i"'^'"*  and' consuls     " 

To  appoint  all  other  "fficersof 'ihe'Uni'ted  "st'a'tos'not'herein     " 
otherwise  provided  for  by  and  ^rith  the..   ....   .  7 


more 
of  t) 


6      - 

6  - 

7  - 


3      - 


PACE 

47 

31 

35 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

45 

45 

45 

40 

40 

31 

i2 
39 


I      40 


~ 

I 

41 

2 

2 

38 

2 

2 

3S 

2 

2 

38 

i 


III 


52 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


'   f  t 


AKrmalion.    Senators  sitting  to  try  impeacliinents  shall  be  on 

oath  or   I 

To  be  taken  by  the  President  of  the  United  States.    Form  of 

the  oath  or   ^ 

No  warrants  shall  be  issued  but  upon  probable  cause  and  on 

oath  or.     (Amendments]   4 

To  support  the  Constitution.     Senators  and   Representatives^ 
members  of  Sute  legislatures,  executive  and  judicial  offi- 
cers.  Nith  State  and  Federal,  shall  be  b-Jund  by  oath  or        6 
Age.     No  person  shall  be  a  Represenutive  who  shall  not  have 

attamed  twenty-five  years  of  j 

No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have  attained 

thirty  years   of    j 

Agreetiifnl  or  compact  with  another  State  withoiit  the  cori>i;iit 

.   °f  Congress.    No  state  shall  enter  into  any 1 

Atd  and  comfort.    Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  coti- 
sist  in  levying  war  against  them,  adhering  to  their  enemies. 

and    giving   them    ^ 

AUiance  or  confederation.    No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty 


ACT.  SBC.  CL.  PAGE 

1  J  6  31 
7  37 
-      44 


of 


Ambassmiors^  or  other  public  ministers  anil  consiils.    The  Pres- 
ident  may  appoint    2 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  extend  to  all 

cases  affecting , 

Amcndmenis  to  ll,e  Cmslitutum.    Uheii'evVr  two-tii'irils'of  both 
Mouses  shall  deem  it  necessary.  Congress  shall  propose  5 

On  application  of  the  lesislatures  .,f  two-thirds  of  the  State's 

Congress  shall  call  a  convention  to  propose  '     S 

Shall  !«•  valid  when  ratified  by  the  legislatures  of.  or  (.ycon- 

ventions  m.  three-fourths  of  the  Slates 5 

Anttver  for  a  capital  or  infamous  crime  unless  on  presentment 


of  a  grand  jury.     No  person  shall  be' held  "to!'    (Amend- 
ments)     

Except  in  cases  in  the  land  <,r  navaj ' forces,  oi-'iii't lie  militia     ^ 
when  m  actual  service.     (Amendments( . . , .  s 

Appellate  tunsdidioH  U.th  as  to  law  and   fact,  with   such  ex- 
ceptions and  under  such  regulations  as  Congress  shall  make 
n  what  cases  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have 
Appltcalton  c.f  the  legislature  or  the  executive  of  a  State '    The 
tinted  States  shall  prntcct  each  Stale  against  invasion  and 

domestic  violence  on  the 

/f^^/iVo/ioH  of  the  legislatures  of  two-thirds  V.f  tlio  Stales   Con- 

.IT'A^  .     '.•"  *  SC""."*'""   '■"■  P'-"P<"'i"K  amen.lments  to 
the  C  onstitution.    On  the 

Appoi.ument  of  officers  .ind  authority  to' train   thi-' militia' re- 
served to  the  Slates  respectively. 
Of  such  infrrior  offic.r>  as  th.v  may  think  |iio|„  r  in  thi-  I'nV- 
Klcnt  alone.     Congress  may  by  law  vest  ilu- 
App,„„tm.-nls  in  the  courts  ,.f  law  or  in   t\u-  lu  ads  of  De'narl 

ments     (  oiii]rr«»««  m.su  i...  1.. &  .1.  1  ■*  ■ 

.■tppor 
se 

section  .',, I   tourtt-enth  amendment  1  '      1 

.4ppnrl,.,nm.;„  t  on«r,-,s  shall  hay  |.ow.  r  to  lay  and  coilo'cl 
taxi-  o,i  i„„,n,v  from  wh:,t<v.r  s.,„r,-,-  .Irrivod,  wilho„| 
..|.|".r  ,o,„nn,t    amoni,   ihr    s.-veral    St  itos      The  '"   "' 

.imifidnHMt      [Amendments] 
Of  r.|,r.s<ntativ.s  anions  tti.-  -.-nr.ij   'stairs      I  " 
lafniK   to  thi-       (Amrmlnitntvl 


iHlm,nl3  in  the  courts  ..f  law  or  in  the  luads  of  Denart- 
lents.    t  ongress  may  hv  law  vest  the  '  2 

rfi..«m^«/  of  representation  and  dirett  t.ixation  amV,n„  the 
eY;ral  St.yes  |V..v,s,ons  r..|alin«  to  th,-  ( R,.p..al.d  |,v 
•ction  2  of  f..„rtfenlh  amendment.]...  ■    loy 


sixteenth 


'Virions   ri' 


.''. 


10 


1     10 


3  41 

2  29 

3  30 
3  35 

1  39 

1  35 

2  38 
1  39 

-  41 

-  41 

-  41 


-  44 

-  44 

3  2      2  39 

4  4      -  40 

5  - 


■■ 

- 

41 

H 

U) 

34 

2 

2 

.M 

2 

2 

,W 

2      3      2"; 


U      2 


49 

4M 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


53 


Approfnuu  UyuUiUoH.     Congress  shall  have  power  to  make 

all  laws  necessary  and  proper  for  carrying  into  execution 

the   toregonig  powers,  and  all  other  pf)wers  vested  by  the 

Constitution  in  the  Covernment  of  the  United  States,  or  in 

any  department  or  officer  thereof....  i      o    ,o 

Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  the  thirteenth  article 

prohibiting  slavery,  by     lAmendments] . . .  '"""««. 

Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  tlie  ~ 

fourteenth  article  by.     f Amendments!...     .     '"""""« 

fif^,  '.h"  '  .''V^'^^rA  '°  '"'"'«  ""^  provisi,;n.;of'ihe 
fifteenth  article  by.    (Amendments]...  .5      2 

AppropriatwK  of  money  for  raising  and  supporting  armies  shali 

be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years.     But  no..  1       o     o 

Appropnahon,  ma.le  hy  law.     \'o  nu.noy  shall  lie  drawn'  from 

the  Treasury  but  m  consequence  of...  .       n      7 

/f/'/>rv,w:,nd   s.Ki.  a  bill   bef.,re   it   shall   become  ■.;■  law.     The 

President  shall 1       7      ^ 

He  shall  return  it  to  the  House  in"  w'hich  it  originated,  with  his 

objections,  if  he  do  not  ,       7      , 

Armies,  but  m.  appropriation  for  that  use  shalVbe" for  a' longer 
term  than  two  years.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  raise 
and  support   "     .       „     ,., 

rfiii  F""*^'?'! '■?'". '"'^'  '"'••''  '°^  the  government  and 
regulation  of  the  land  and  naval  forces. ...  1      «    u 

Arms  shall  not  be  infringed.  A  well-regulated  miliiia  being 
necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free  State,  the  right  of  the 
people  to  keep  and  liear.     (Amendments] y 

Arrest  dunng  their  attendance  at  the  session  of  their  respective 
Houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  .ame.  Mem- 
bers shall  in  .-.11  rases,  except  treason,  felonv.  and  breach 
ol  the  peace,  be  privileged  from 1      f.      , 

Arscals.     Congress  shall  exercise  exclusive  authority'  over  all 

places  purchased   for  the  erection  of  1       R     17 

A'Ucles  exported  from  any  State.    No  tax  or  iluty  sjialj  he  lai.i 

*  "     • I        o        ? 

Artshy  securing  to  authors  and  inventors  tiieir  patent   rights 

Congress  m.iy  promote  (he  progress  of  science  and  the  useful     1       8      8 
Assistance, ,f  counsel  for  his  defense.     In  all  criminal  prosecu 

tions  the  accused  shall  have  the.    [Amendments).  (, 

.^ssumpu.'»  of  the  debt  or  obligations  incurred  in  aid  of  rebellion 

or    insurrection    against    the    United    States.      Provisions 

again-t  the.     [Amendments] ,.       - 

.jf/omrf/T  or  rrr..j(/af/„  law  shall!*  passed.'    'Nobill'of I       <)      t 

Attainder,  ex  t„,t  /,,. ,.,  jaw.  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of 

ctintracts      \o  .Mat-  shall  pass  any  hill  of 1     10       I 

.tltamder  o.  trea-on  vhall  not  work  corruption  of  hlood  or  for^ 

feiture.  except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted  ?       1       ' 

inventions     Congress  shall  have  power  to  secure  to. .... .       1       8      8 

B. 

Poi/^    Excessive  b,,il  sh.ill  not  be  required,  n.-r  excessive  fine. 
PnllZVrvJT  """*"»'»?""';»""'"»<  imposed     [An.en.lmrotsI     8       -      _ 
Pnllot  for  rresLln.t  and  V  ire-President     The  .lecfrs  shall  vote 
by.    [Amendment".]   p 

"""pr    !',  "'.'  '"■?':•.'  ''•^"  "  '"•i-ritv  of  the  eieclnral  vote,  for     " 
Pre  1. lent  and  V  .cr-rres,.|ent.  the  House  of  R.-pre.entat.ves 
shall  immed.alelv  choos,  the  President  by.     ( Amrndment>|    P 


PAGE 

34 
47 
48 
49 
.54 
35 
32 
32 

34 
34 


32 
M 
35 

.i3 
45 

48 
M 

35 

.^9 


45 
45 

46 


:f. 


54 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


I   f  : 


nt';!!«r'^l' "?;!'" '"'""«''';  A  wdl-rVgulated  militia  ^ing 
n^n  PJ"  """  ^'*'"/l'»'  "f  »  f"""  State,  the  right  of  the 
people  to  keep  and.    [Amendments] ? 

h^W  Vhl  i"''*!f  °-^  ""'  Supreme  and  inf  eriorcouru  Vhall 
hold  their  ofiices  durmg  good 3 

f !//  "^  '"''"''^''  or  <■'  ^''^'  /<"•'<>  law  shall  be  passed.'  'No'.'.'.']]     1 
ftf  V       .■  ".  '""'J%><'  '»*.  ">•  law  impairing  the  obliga- 
tion of  contracts.    No  State  shall  pass  any. .   . 

5i//f  of  credit.    No  State  shall  emit. .....  

BtlUfoi   raising   revenue    shall   originate    in    the    House'  of 
Kepresentatives.     All   

fiiHj  which  have  passed  the  Senate '  and'  'House  'of  'Rep're'sental 
Presid  become  laws,  be  presented  to  the 

If  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  them';' if  "he 'di'sa'p'prove.' he 'shall 
return  them,  with  hi-i  objections,  to  that  House  in  which 

they    origmatrd     

Bills     L|K)n  the  reconsideration  of  a  'bill'  retiirned  by  the  Presil 
dent.  With  his  objections,  if  two-thirds  .)f  each  House  airree 
to  pass  the  same,  it  shall  become  a  law . . 
Lpoti  the  reconsideration  of  a  bill  returned  by  the  President 

the  question  shall  be  taken  by  yeas  and  nays 
Not  returned  by  the  Pr,-ir|rnt  within  ten  .lavs   { Sundays  ex- 
cepted).  shall,  unless  Congress  adjourn,  bee    me  laws 
Borroa'  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States.     Congress 

shall  have  power  to   

B.'u<,tus  and  pensi,.ns.  shall  n..t't)e'que'stioned"The'vali'dityof 
the  public  debt  incurred  in  -uppressing  insurrection  and  re- 
l*Ili.m   against  the   Lnited   States,   including  the   debt   for 

I  .Amendments]   

flr,'<K-/.  of  the  peace,  shall  t,<-  privileged  fr.lm'arrest  while  attend- 
ing the  session,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the 
simr.     .senat..rs   and    KVprosentatives,   except   for   treason 

felony,  and   

Bnlery.  nr  „ther  high  crinir*  aii.i  mis(ieme,->nnrs.  The  President 
V  ice-J  resident,  and  nil  civil  officers  .|,al|  t,r  removed  on  im- 
peachment tor  and  conviction  of  trMs.in 

r 

lafiliil  or  othirwi-,'  i-if.imouv  rrimr    unless  ,mi  indictment  of  a 

uraiid    jiirv.   exrept    k!    rert.iin    -i>e<i(i.-t   cises.      Vo    person 

-ti.ill  be  held  t  >  an^wrr  lor  a      (Amendments) 
r.j/'i^ifi  •«  or  other  direct  t.tx  shall  be  |,,id  .!nle>s  in  proi».rtion 

to  the  ceiisM,  or  e-.,iiner:itioii,      |  See   ..Meentli    amendment 

p   4'J  I     No       

Cafur,'  on  land  and    water      Cnnris*   ^Imll   make   rnies  con- 

rt  rning 
r.KU',,    r.'t,-       The    VWvVrr^„U"t      li.ill    li.ne    no    v-te    uMle^ 

t'.-   Senate  be  rijuallv  divulii! 
<     ev,„  ,.r  ,-.  „mer.itio.:  .,f  ihr  ,..!■  ibit.u.t-  -ban'lM-  made  wilbin 

tl;r,.-  vr,r.   after  th.    t,r-i  •.u-riniw  .,f  C.nt-re-,    and  witbm 

r\i-rv     i!b-e<itient   t.-rin   of   ten    vear     tliereaflr^ 


14 


CL.  PACE 

4      33 

-  48 

-  44 


1 

_ 

38 

9 

3 

34 

10 

1 

35 

lU 

1 

35 

1      32 


7 

2 

32 

7 

2 

32 

7 

5 

32 

7 

> 

32 

7 

J 

33 

8 

2 

33 

-  48 

1      32 

-  3H 


') 

4 

35 

U 
4 

INDEX  TO  THK  CONSTITUTION 


JO 


^'T^  "^''umcration.    N„  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  '^^'  ^^^'  ''"^' 

ment  p''4yF!.'."..':T'"""  '"  '*"'•     '^^"  -xteenth  amend 

'^  *'  s,/.!!f !".  '''^"  ""''•''^  *¥"  '•^^  J^reside;. t'  of  the  "Unhed    '      '      * 
States  IS  tried  upon  impeachment.    The  iJniica 

C/.o«fl«.9  the  electors  and  the  .lay  on  which  t (icy 'shall  give  "their 

C^n'.';«  '"''  '^!."  '"^  "'^'  ^='1"'^  throuKhout  the  Un.teTlt^tes 
Congress  may  determine  the  time  of..  oiaics. 

'/h"  Ml  "'^•^•'?f '  •'^'.^'"  ^'  ""^  ^''"P"""  "f  the  Consii'tution 
na^llra^;^;*^"''.'"  ""^^  "•^"  "'  ^''''"'"^     ^"  Person  not  a 

C-./.r..„  .,f  the  United  States: '  No'  person"  ;hail  i,e'  a' Senator'  who    ^      '       ^ 
nme    ye"ars    f  ""*'"       ""  '^'  "^   ""''*'  ^""  """l^'" 
^'"'"  J'?„!.°j' •h''''"  '"^  /  Kepreieniati^e  who'  Vh'aU  noi  have  at'-     '      "^      '' 

C  ./,-  .«Z*      <  v"*""  "'  '^'^"'y-''^'  y^-"-^  and  heen  seven  year,  a     1      2       ? 

inv.leKesandimmuniticsof  citizen,  of  the  vevoral  States        4      ■>      i 
All  persons  horn  or  nituralized  m  the  United  States,  and  sub^  " 

Kct  to  the  jurivlictioi.  thrrcof.  arc  citizens  .,t  the  United 
Mates  ai.,1  of  th,-  State  Mi   which  they  reside.     (Amend- 
No  State  shail  make  or  enforce  any  law  wl'ii'ch  shall'  ■ahridKe  the   '^       ' 
privileRes  or  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  Unit.-.!  States 

|Amendmenr-|  14 

Nor   shall  ••  ate  .leprive  any   person  V,f    lif,.;    |,lK-rtv     or 

proper-  lout  due  pr.jcess  of  law,     (.Vmendmentsl . .        U       i 

•Nor  deny  lo      .,  person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  ciual  pro- 
tection of  the  laws.     [Amendments)  14       l       . 
Ci/i^l^n,  „r  .,«j,;W/i  of  a  foreiKM  state      The  judicial  power  of 
the  United  States  shall  not  e.xten.l  m  suits  in  law  or  «,uitv 
hroutjht  against  one  of  tlir  States  by  the  citizens  of  another 

State,   or   by.      (.Amendments) ]i 

Citi/  om,.-rs  of  the  United  States  shall.  o„  impeachment  ir  and 
cnnviction  of  treason,  brdiery,  and  other  high  crime  ami 
misdemeanors,  lie  removed.     .Ml      .  >       j 

Claims   of    the    United    Slates    or   any    parri'cul.'ir    State    in    tin-     ' 
Irrritory  .,t  public  property.     .Nothing  in  this  G)nstitutH.n 

shall  be  constriie.l  to  prejudict-    4       ;       . 

Ctasst/iuition  of  \,-,uitors  Immediatelv  after  they  diall  t» 
assembled  after  the  hrst   elertion.   they   shall   be  divided  .1 

e<iua!lv  as  niay  lie  into  three  classes 1        i       > 

The  stats  ,.f   tbe  Sen.it    r-  of  the  first  class   shall  lie  v.u-at.-.! 

It  the  expiration  .  i    t'r  second  vear.  !        i       t 

The  seats  of  the  Srnat   r-      f  the  seo.nd  class  at  tbe  e'xpira 

tiiin  of  the  fourth  y.ar      .        j 

The  seats  of  tbe  .Vnafrs  .,f  the  third  class  at  the  e'xpirati..n 

of  the  sixth  year I        ,       , 

C  ma  ffiid.r  in  payment  of  debts.     \o 'state  shall  malce'anv- 

'"inir  but  Kold  and  -ilvor '        |      |fl       1 

(  .  ,K  money  and  -egnlate  tbo  vnhie  thereof  and  of  foreign  c.in 

I  ofi^rcss    shall   have  power   to  j       ^       ^ 

(  ,.i«  of  the  Uiiite.!  Slates.    toni:re«s  shall  provirle  f.,r  pnnisbing 

theroinilerfeiting  the  secunli.s  and  current ..  .  I       H       ,, 

C  -l,ir.  or  )ir.-vto„s  ,-o,ubti,  „  ,,f  ,ervitiidr      The  right  of  citi/eos 
ot  the  I   I'lled  States  to  vote  shall  •  ot  be  denied  or  abridged 
by  the   i  niieil    States  or  by  any   Stale  on  account  .<(   r.i, . 
t  Amcndrr'-ni-j  ]-       ] 


PAGE 

35 
31 

37 

37 

30 
29 
40 

47 

47 
48 
AS 

45 

,W 

41) 

,V) 
M) 
M) 
M) 
35 
i.l 
33 

49 


ml 


f  11 


56 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


AST.  SEC. 

Comfort.     Treason   against  tho   United   States  shall  consist  in 

levying  war  against  them,  and  giving  their  enemies  aid  and     J      i 
Ci'mmaHd.r  i>i  (  huf  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  and  of  the  miUtia 

when  m  actual  service.    The  President  shall  be 2      2 

Ct>mmcrye  with    foreign   nations,  among  the   States,   and   with 

Indian  tribes.    Congress  shall  have  power  to  regulate 1      8 

C  ommcnc   <'r  revenue.     No  preference  shall  be  given   to   the 

ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another  by  any  regulation  of     1       9 
Commerce  or  revenue.     Vessels  clearing  from  the  ports  of  one 

State  shall  not  pay  duties  in  those  of  another 1      9 

t'.'m»ni«ii)ii,t  to  expire  at  the  end  of   the  next   session.     Ttie 
President  may  fill  vacancies  that  happen  in  the  recess  of  the 

Senate  by  granting 2      2 

Commott  defense,  promote  the  general  welfare,  etc.    To  insure 

the.     [  Preamble]    _ 

Common   defense   and   general    welfare.     Congress    shall    have 

power  to  provide  for  the ]       8 

Common  law,  where  the  amount  iiiv<  Ivcd  exceeds  twenty  dollars. 

shall  he  tried  by  jury.    Suits  at,     (.-Xmendments) .  . .' 7 

No  fart  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be  'Iherwise  reexamined  in  any 
court  of  the  United  States  th.ii!  according  to  the  rules  of 

the      (.Amendments)    T 

Compact  with  another  State.    No  State  shall,  without  the  consent 

of  (    ingress,  enter  into  any  agreement  or 1     10 

Comfiic-    with   a    inreign    (lowrr.     \<i    St.itr    -hall,    without   the 

idn«.-nt  of  Congress,  rnter  into  any  agreement  nr 1      10 

ComfensiUxon  of  Senators  and  Repre^entiitives  to  be  .iscertained 

bv  law    J       fi 

Comfcii.uUt.<n  of  til.'  Pr<>^irlent  shall  not  be  increased  nor  dimin- 
ished during  th.   [leriin!  for  which  be  shall  be  elected..        .     J       1 
C.iwr.-mn/iiiK  of  thr-  iiidges  of  the  .Supreme  md  inferior  courts 

-hall  not  b<-  diminished  during  their  continuance  in  office.  .  .     ^       1 
(  ompcnsaliofi.      Private  (ircfierty  -hall  not  be  t.iken   for  public 

use   wttbnnt    iu't      (.Amendments) 5 

C«mpuhor\  fr:  ce.ts   for   obiainirg   witnesses    in   his   favor       In 

crimiti.il  iiros<-cmi..ns  fhr  accused  sh.ill  have      (.Amendment-|     6 
C  onfrdcr.iit,  „      N,.  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance.  •  r      1      10 
i  onfrdcrnttiiii      Ml  debt-  rnntracted   and  engrigement-   entered 
into  before  ili.  .idopiion  ..i  this  (  onstituti.'u  -hall  be  as  v.ilid 
.tgam-t  tin-  United  States  under  it  .is  tinilrr  the  6 

(  ('ft/.  r.fi.iii  111  ■  pen  loiirf      ("<invirtion  of  trea-on  shall  be  on  tbi' 

te-»itn<.ny  ..f  !»>  p<'r-ons  to  the  overt  act,  or  upon 1       .? 

Con,!r,  <     •  f   the  I -nt.d  Stair-       Ml  legislative  powers  -hall  be 

\e-ted  ;!■■  n .    ,  , ]        ] 

Sh.ill  r   n-i-t  •<!  .<   Srnale  and  House  of  Representatives  ;        1 

Shall  .i-^-imblc  at  li.i-t  .nci  in  <  very  year,  which  -hall  Ik  .  n 
th<   Tir-t  Monday  of  Fitrrtnlier.  unless  they  bv  law  awioini 

..  difT.r.„,   d.iv' ..;,..  _,         .4 

May  at  any  time  alter  reRiilatinns  for  elections  of  Senators  and 
Keprrsenlativr-.  except  4s  to  the  places  of  choosing 
Senator-  I       4 

F  ,ich   Hoii-r  ^IkiI'  tir  tti.     ndge  ..f  the  elections,  returns,  and 

<Hiali*Kafion»  of  it-   ,,^^n  member- t        ; 

.\    ni.o.  rilv  of    larh    Hoii-r    -hall   con-titiile   a   i]i|oriim    to   d« 

*<n-!ni  --  1        ^ 

.A   -ni;dli  r  niinil>rr  tnav  a  !  onn   fr..m  d.iv  to  .lay  and  may  be 

aullM.ri/e<j  I..  ,,.nip.-!  (he  .4tten<lanfr  !.f  ab-ent  niemt>er-  1        ? 


CL. 

PAGE 

1 

39 

1 

37 

3 

33 

6 

35 

6 

35 

3 

38 

- 

29 

1 

33 

- 

45 

- 

45 

.? 

3F. 

I 

■•- 

fi 

.17 

- 

,") 

44 

44 

1  41 

I  .?') 

29 

-  29 

2  .'! 

I  .U 

I  ,!1 

1  ,11 

I  M 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


57 


1      S      2 

1      5      3 


1      5      4 
1      6      1 


1  6  2 

1  6  2 

1  7  1 

1  7  2 


1 


8 
8 
8 
8 

8 

8 

8 
8 
8 

R 

8 


1 
2 
3 

4 

5 

6 
7 
8 
9 

10 

II 


8  12 

8  13 

8  14 

S  IS 

8  16 


maKaziiic- 


mTf«-,irv  ;uii|  proper  !■>  i.irrv  itilo  t-Mriili 
,ili  |....\(r«  vc-tcrl  l.v  llii-  ("..tiktitiilmn  m  tho  r",, 
of   !h(    I'liiti  1    Sf.it>< 


iiiiveniMii-nt 


M     I? 

H     18 


31 
31 


32 
32 


1      32 


Congress.    Ea«J,  House  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceed-  ** 

ngs,  punish  Its  members  for  disorderly  behavior,  and    with 
the  concurrence   ot   two-thirds,  expel  a   member... 
tach  House  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedinKs 
Neither  House  during  the  session  of  Congress,  .shail!  without 

days  "    "  '       '"'"''  *'"'  """'^  "'*"  »*"■"« 

^*"Tf,^''nl'  '"  V  "'"i  ''''??•  "■"'^'"-  f'^'""y'  aii<i  breach  of 
the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  attendance  at 

from  'Se^'^same  ^'"'  '"   ^"'"^  '°  *'"^   returning 

No  Senator  or  Rfprescntative 'shalli 'during  hi.s  term;  be' ao- 
pointed  to  any  civil  office  which  shall  have  been  created 
or  of  which  the  emoluments  shall  have  been   increased 

during    such    term    

No  person  holding  any  office  under  the  United' States  shall' 
All  ^M  /"  °'""'  ^^  *  member  of  either  House  of  ConKres« 
All  bills  for  raiMHK  revenue  shall  originate  in  the  House  of 

Kepresentatives   

Proceedings  in  cases  of  bills  returned  by  the  'President  with 

nis  objections    

Shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect  'dutic's.  imposts.'  'and  ex- 
cises, pay  the  debts,  and  provide  for  the  common  d.  fcnse 

anil  general  welfare   

Shall    have   power    to    borrow    moncv    on   "the   credit' of    the 

United   States 

To   regulate   foreign   and   domestic  commerce,   anil   with   tlie 

Indian    tribes 
To  establish   a  uniform   rule  of   naturaliMtion"a'nd   uniiiorm 

laws  on  the  subject    .f  bankruptcies 

Tg  com  money,  regulate  its  value,  and  the  value  V.f   foreign 

com.  and  to  fix  the  standard  ..f  weights  and  measures, 
to  punish  the  countcrlciting  the  securities  and  current  a)in 

ot    the    Lnited    states 

To  establish  povt-offices  and  post-roads ! ! '.'. . 

To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  the  usefiil  arti" 

lo  constitute  tribunals  inferior  ti  the  Supreme  Court 

To  drline  and  punish  piracies  and   felonies  on  the  high  seas 

anil  t..  punish  ofl^onses  against  the  law  of  nations 
lo  declare   war.  grant   1    tcrs   of   marque   and   reprisal,   and 

makes  rules  ccnccrnini;  captures  in  land  and  water 
To  raise  and  support  an.iies.  hut  no  appropriation  of  money 
to  thai  use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years 

1  o   provide   and   maintain    .i    Navy    

To  make  rules  for  the  government  of  the  .\rmv  ami  N'avv 
To  call  out  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws,  suppress  msurr'er 

tions,   .mil   repel    invasions    

To  provide  for  organiriiiiL'.  arming,  and  equlppinK  the  iiiihtia 
To  exerci-e  ixeliiMve   leKislation   over   the    OiMrirt    fixed    for 

the     seat    of    govrrnntenl.     ami    over     fort' 
_     ar-.enal-,    and    docky.ird- 

iiiake  .ill  law-  iieres-.,irv  and  proper 


32 

32 
32 
32 

33 
33 

33 
33 
33 

33 

33 
33 
33 

33 

M 

34 
34 
34 

,14 
M 

M 

M 


58 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


ART 

Congress.    No  person  holding  any  office  under  the  United  Sutes 
shall  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office,  or  title  of  any 

kind  from  any  forciRn  State,  without  the  consent  of 1 

May  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors  for  Presi- 
dent and  Vice-President  and  the  day  on  which  they  shall 

give   their   votes    2 

The    President    may,    on    extraordinary    occasions,    convene 

either  House  of    2 

The  manner  in  which  tie  acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceed- 
ings of  the  States  snail  be  proved,  shall  be  prescribed  by    4 

New  States  may  be  admitted  by  Congress  into  this  Union 4 

Shall  have  power  to  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations 
respecting  the  territory  or  other  property  belonging  to  the 

United    States    4 

Amendments  to  the  Constitution  shall  l)c  proposed  whenever 
it  shall  be  deemed  necessary  bv  two-thirds  of  both  Houses 

of     5 

Persons    engaged    in    insurrection    or    rebellion    against    the 
United  States  disqualified  for  Senators  or  Representatives 

in.      lAmendments]    14 

But  siich  disqualifications  may  be  removed  by  a  vote  of  two- 
thirds  of  both  Houses  of.     [Amendments! 14 

Shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate  legislation,  the 

thirteenth  amendment.     [Amendments!    13 

Shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate  legislation,  the 

fon'-"enth   amendment.      [Amendments!    14 

Shall   1  power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate  legislation,  the 

fifi      ith  amendment.     [AmendmentsJ    IS 

Shall  '      -  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes  on  incomes,  from 

»         ver    source    derived,    without    apportionment,    and 

'Of   regard   to   any  census  or  enumeration,  the  six- 

tmendment.     [AmendmentsJ    16 

Co  State  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in 

!tf  without  its    5 

C'        ■"  "ifire^s.     No  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or 

-UM         ler  tlif  United  St.^tc^  shall  accept  of  any  present, 
•nol:     -nt.  office,  or  title  of  any  kind  whatever,  from  any 

ii^B        "rf,  or  f      ■iitj\  potentate,  without  the 1 

■'  ■^'  'II  l'<       ny  imposts  or  duties  on  imports,  except 

»  ly  h(        M.lutely  nccessarv   for  executing  its  in- 

si><  i    law-        ithout    the... ] 

o  St:  al!  t  .  (Itity  nf  tonnage,  keep  troops  or  ships 

"f  pracc,  without  the 1 

■'J   !^'  "'to   any   atfreement  or   compact   with 

ai'  '»ith  a  fortign  power,  without  the 1 

N'o  St;i:'  Kane  111   w.ir  Mnlc^s  actually  invaded,  or  in 

such  ini'-         t  dani,'cr  as  will  not  admit  of  delay,  without 

the     ...  J 

No  ne»   Statt     lull  W  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  any  other  Statr,  ,,r  .inv  State  he  formed  l>v  the 
jmctii'n  of  two  or  m-re  St.ile*.    ir  parts  of  States,  with- 
out the  c.)i>int  of  the  lpKi-latnrr«  thereof,  as  well  as  the     4 
Cnnsent  of  the  leni^latnre  (.f  the  State  in  which  thi-  ^ame  may 
be       Congres-    shall    exerris,-    cxrhi^ivr    anhcrity    over    all 
plai  ev    piirrha^nl     fnr    the    nrectimi    nf     forts,    maga/inev. 
arsenals,  dockyards,  and  r.thrr  tu-c'lfnl  bnildinKs  with  llu-         1 


SEC.  CL.  PACK 

9     8      35 

1      3      37 

3-38 

1      -     40 
3      1      40 

3     2      40 

-      -      41 


3 

-      48 

3 

-      48 

2 

-      47 

5 

-      48 

2 

-      49 

- 

-      49 

_ 

-      41 

9  8  35 

10  2  35 

10  3  35 

10  3  35 

10  3  35 

.1  1  40 

a  17  34 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


59 


^""VJf^^  k''?.  'l«'^'?t<"-«  of  the  States  and  of  ConRres,     No  ^ 

^  i^Je^;potei''^.t^^o:t\r;-  °^  -- -- , 
:^rho°„r;Hc-'='-  •"-  'Hatr:^.^tU''^^\,f^Ti°^° 

""^;^ejt;!rfcEr^'t--.^i?f^-i;::r 

Constitution,  shall'  be  eliRibie  to  the  office'  of'  P'r'e.'iden't  '  '\o'  oer       ' 

Co«Jh7«/,o„     The  President,  be'f'ore  he  enters 'upon  the  execu  " 

deTenI  the"""'.  '"""  '^'  ""  ""*''  »°  Preser^^"p;orec?rd  ^ 

Cowrt/i,/,o«  laws,  and  treaties  of  the  United  States'  The'i'udiciai  " 

power  shall  extend  to  all  cases  arising  under  the  x 

c.i>r^"^''^^^'^"--^"^hi:^":t^^  4 

""•rpf-se-d  ald^'ra-lfh-eT  '"  ''''''  ^'"""''"-''    "  ^-  ^    . 

Idoptionof  the  ..  '"•"«""'"'^    "^""'^"""l    hef'Te    the 

OH^»,r«rt„„  and  the  laws  made '  in  pursuance  thereof    and  all     ^ 

h',n  hir*^''  "'  '"^''^  ''"J'  '^  "-"l'-  f'y  th^  "nTted  State 
shall  he  the  supreme  law  of  the  land.    The  a 

of   ."sLT/.".?  ■'^•"''-  ""^'"«  '"  '•"^  ^""^tit'utinnor  law; 
iherehy  ^""'""^  "otwithstandinR.  .hall  ho  bound 

^""^'If'"",-  ^'i^'^"^'""''-«'^'^"^'-'««'""ive."and' judicial      "       ' 
nf   the   Ln„H   s,,,e..   a„,i  „f   ,he  several   States     hall  be 
bound  by  an  ..ath  to  support  the  ^ 

"  for  an^ffi":  '""'  ^'k,"  "'"  ^*"  ^'"""^''^  ='^'  '^  <lu»l'fica.ion 
tor  any  office  or  public  trust  /: 

(,m./,fw,„«.   t,et«ee„    ,l,o    States    so   rat-fvine  the    same  '    The  " 

rat.ficat.on  nf  the  conventions  of  nine  States  shall  be  s,  ffi 
cienf  I,. r  the  establishment  of  the  "" '^  snail  ne  sufh-     ^ 

C..«s„tuu.;,   ,,(    ,,.rta»i    ri«l,t'    shall   not   be   cnn'strued'  to   .le„v     '        " 

I'i^m   ;!:'";r  '^"a"  -•;■"'"■'' /-v  -he  peopW.    The  enun  V  ■ 
turn    in    the       I  Amendments  1 .  „ 

C.^nslilul,.m.  nor  prohil.ited  by  it  to  the  States.' are  reserved' to 
the  .State  respectively  „r   to  the  pe.,ple       Power     not  del 
Rated  to  the  I  niled  St:ite>  bv  the.       Amendinentsl  1(1 

ConsMu,,....  and  then  en.aaed   ,n  rebellion  ajnst      I   Inited  " 

ch    :.    .y'7".';'"'''-""\"    f'"    ,•>«■"•'•    'ni,>,se,|    ,.,.„n    cenain 
Am     dment'T""-    " '    ""    """    '"    ■"''''"^'    "'^    „ 


SEC.  CL.  PACK 
3        1        40 

5  4  32 
-  -  44 
2     2      38 

2     2      38 


8 

18   34 

1 

4   37 

1 

7   37 

2 

1   39 

3 

2   40 

- 

-   41 

- 

1   41 

- 

2   41 

2   41 

3   41 

3   41 

-   42 

-   45 

-   45 

w 


48 


60 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


AST. 

Constitution.  Done  in  convention  by  the  unanimous  consent 
of  the  States  present,  September   17,  1787 7 

CvHtracts.  No  State  shall  pass  any  ex  post  facto  law,  or  law 
impairing   the  obligation   of 1 

Controversies  to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party ;  be- 
tween two  or  more  States ;  between  a  State  and  citizens  of 
another  State;  between  citizens  of  different  States;  between 
citizens  of  the  same  State  claiming  lands  under  grants  of 
different  States ;  between  a  State  or  its  citizens  and  tor- 
eign  States,  citizens,  or  subjects.  The  judicial  power  shall 
extend  to   3 

Convene  Congress  or  either  House,  on  extraordinary  occasions. 
The  President  may  2 

Convention  for  proposing  amendments  to  the  Constit'tion.  Con- 
gress, on  the  application  of  two-thirds  of  the  legislatures  of 
the  States,  may  call  a 5 

Convention,  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  States  present  on 
the  17th  of  September,  1787.  Adoption  of  the  Constitution 
in    7 

C':f--<ions  of  nine  States  shall  be  sufficient  for  the  estab- 
lishment of   the  Constitution.     The  ratification  of   the....     7 

Conviction  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  be  had  without 
the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present....     1 

Copyrights  to  authors  for  limited  times.  Congress  shall  have 
power    to   provide    for 1 

Corruption  of  blood.     Attainder  of  treason  shall  not  work 3 

Counsel  for  his  defense.  In  all  criminal  prosecutions  the  ac- 
cused  shall   have  the   assistance  of.     (Amendmentsl 6 

Counterfeiting  the  securities  and  current  coin  of  the  United 
States.     Congress  shall  provide  for  the  punishment  of...     1 

Courts.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  constitute  tribunals  in- 
ferior to  the  Supreme  Court I 

Courts  ('/  law.  Congress  may  by  law  vest  the  appointment  of 
such  inferior  officers  as  they  think  proper  in  the  President 
alone,  in  the  heads  of  Departments,  or  in  the 2 

Courts  as  Congress  may  establish.  The  judicial  power  of  the 
United  States  shall  be  vested  in  one  Supreme  Court  and 
such    inferior    3 

Cvurts.    The  judges  of  the  Supreme  and  inferior  courts  shall 

hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior 3 

Their    compensation    shall    not    be   diminished    during    their 
continuance  in  office   3 

Credit.     No  State  shall  emit  bills  of 1 

Credit  of  the  United  States.  Congress  shall  have  power  to 
borrow   money  on  the 1 

Credit  shall  be  given  in  every  other  State  to  the  public  acts, 
records,  and  judicial  proceedings  of  each  State.  Full  faith 
and    .■ ■♦ 

Crtme,  unless  nn  a  presentment  of  a  grand  jury.  No  person 
shall  be  held  to  answer  (or  a  capital  or  otherwise  infamous. 

I  Amendments]    5 

Except  in  cases   in  the  militarv  and  naval  forces,  or   in  the 
militia,  when  in  actual  service.     |. Amendments) 5 

Crimc.t  and  mi.tdemear.rf  The  Presidnn,  Vire-Presideiit,  and 
all  civil  nfficers  sh.tll  Ik'  removed  on  imiK-achmcnt  for  and 
ccnvirtK'P   >if  treason,  linlu-rv.  or  other 2 


SEC.  CL.  PAGE 
-        -        42 

10      1      35 


2  1 

3  - 


39 
38 

41 


- 

- 

42 

- 

- 

42 

3 

6 

31 

8 
3 

8 
2 

33 
39 

- 

- 

45 

8 

6 

33 

8 

9 

33 

38 


1 

-   38 

1 

-  38 

1 

10 

-   39 
1   35 

8 

2  33 

I 

-      40 

-      44 


38 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


61 


OiWj,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall  be  tried  hy    ^^^  *«''•  *«^- ^■•.  page 

They  shall  be  tried  in  the  State  within  which  thVy  i"'ay  'm    ^      ^      ■'      ■'^ 

committed  j        } 

When  not  committed  in  a  State,  they  "shal'l' be  tried  at  the 

places  which  Congress  may  by  law  have  provided. . .  3      '      3      iq 

Cnmmal  froseculwns.  the  accused  shall  have  a  speedy  and  publ 
he  trial  by  jury  in  the  Sute  and  district  where  the  crime 

was  committed.     In   all.     [Amendments] 6  -      44 

He  shall  be  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusa- 
tion.    [Amendments]    g      _  ^ 

He   shall   be    confronted    with    the    witnesses   against    l.m 

[Amendments]    '    g  ^ 

He  shall  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  'witnesses  in 

his  favor.     [Amendments)   g      _      _      .r 

He    shall   have    the   assistance    of    counsel    in    his  'defense 

[Amendments]    '    ^  ., 

Criminate  himself     No  person  as  a  witness'  shall  'be  'co'mp'elied 

to.    [Amendments]   5  j- 

Cruel  and  unusual  punishmenti  intticted.    Excessive 'bail  "shall  -      -      *♦ 
not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor.    [Amend- 
ments]                                                                          Q              _  ., 

D. 

Danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay.  No  State  shall,  without  the 
consent  of  Congress,  engage  in  war,  unless  actually  invaded 

or  in  such  imminent  1     10      ■?      I? 

Day  on  which  they  shall  vote  for  President  knd  'vice-President, 
which  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the  United  States 
Congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors 

and  the 2      1       %      ■ty 

Day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of 
absent  members.    A  smaller  number  than  a  quorum  of  each 

House  may  adjourn   from 1       5       1      31 

£><'a//i.  resignation,  or  inability  of  the  President. 'the  powers 
and  duties  of  his  office  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice-President 

In  case  of  the  '    y      1       5      « 

Death,  resignation,  or  inability  of  the  Pre'sidcn't"  "congress  niay 

provide  by  law  for  the  case  of  the  removal 2      1      3      37 

Debt  of  the  United  States,  including  debts  for  pensions  and 
bounties  incurred  in  suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion 
^hall    not    he    questioned.      The    validity    of    the    public 

[Amendments)    14      ^  ^p 

Dfbts.     No  State  shall  make  an>-thing  but  gold"  and  silver"  coin 

a  tender  in  p.iyment  of j     jq      .       ,- 

Debts  iT\d  provide  for  the  common  defense  and  general  weli'are 
of  the  United   States.     Congress  shall  have  power  to  p.ny 

'he  J      g      .      ,, 

Debts  and  engagements  contracted  before  the  adoption  of  this 
Consfittition    shall   !«■   as   valid    against  the    United    States 

under   it  as  under  the  Confederation js      -       1      41 

Debts  or  (.Migafions  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or  relielli..i\ 
against  the  I'nited  St.ites.  or  claims  for  the  loss  or  em:inci- 
p.iti«n  of  any  -lavp.  Neither  tiie  United  States  nor  any 
>fate   shall  assume  or  pay  anv.     f.^mendnictits] . .  14      4  4^ 

Derhir.-  nw.  srr.int  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and  m.ike 
rules  concertnmf  captures  on  land  an.!  water.  Congress 
shall  have  power  to 1      g     j  1       jj 


111 


i 


'^1 


62 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


■  -if 


IM 


^''fv[Lrl«   Hi'I."'   *'""''   throughout   the   United   siateV.     '-"29 

U*/^»wf.    I"  all  criminal  prosecutionstheaccusedshal'!  have  the     '      ^      '      ^^ 
assistance  of  counsel  for  his.     [Amendments] . .  g  4. 

iJ<>AJi'.    No  i'tate  shall,  without  the  consent  of  (..ngress,enifaBe     '      '      •*      "^ 

arw?.-;  r,:ra%r^['^ '"^•^'^^''' °-" -»' •  "~^^      ,  .„ 

\Tj:::LVsf  '•="."  '•^  '°  '^^  «"="••''•     The  powers -not. 

^'"tinn  ''"'"'1''^'"'^'.'  retained  by  the  people! '  the'  cnumeral  '"      "      "      '♦S 
tion    .n    the    Constitution    of    certain    rights    shall    not    be 
construed  to.     (Amendments] n  .^ 

Departments  upon  any  subject  relating  to  their  dutieV   '  The  " 

offirt'^^n  """l  '•?'!L''*i^"=  '^'•'"«"  °P""°"  °f  the  pnncipal 

officers  m  each  of  the  Executive ?      ?      1       j7 

Df/.ur/m,,,/^      Congress  may  by  law  ve^t  the' app;,intm'ent  of 
mferior  officers  in  the  heads  of hf"  nimcni  01 

£)irA/  rux  shall  be  laid  unless  in  proportion  "to  the 'censu^or 

enumeration.     No  capitation  or  other. . .  1      q      .      „ 

/Jir^rf  MT.-iaii.l   Representatives  how  apportioned  among  Ihe     '      "*      ^      •»* 
several   States.      [Repealed    by   the   second    section     !f     he 
fourteenth  amendment,  on  page  48] .. .  1      7      j      00 

cas^of^lhc'''  ^'*'''''''"*'"''  ^''""'''"''''"'•'  ^^^^^^^^^^  in 

Congress,  or  Pre_sidential  elector,  or  hold  any  office,  civ.l  or 
military  under  the  United  States,  or  any  State,  who  having 
previously    taken    an    oath    as    a    legislative,    executive    o? 
judicial   officer  of  the  United   States,  or  „f  any  "  tate    to 
support  the  Constitution,  afterwards   engaged   in  insurrec- 
tion or  rebelhon  against  the  United  States.     (Amendments)   14      J  in 
DtsaMUx.     But  Congress  mav,  by  a  vote  of  tw,.-,h,rds  .Ttacli   '"^      ^      '      ^ 
House,    remove   such.      (Amendments)....                                  14       ,              ^ 
Duofireemfnt  between   ih.-  two  Houses  as  to  the'  time  of  acN   "■'-•»« 
journment.  the  President  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time   ,s 

ht- may  think  proper.     In  case  of ,       ,  „ 

D,.u.rderlyb,hainor.    Each  House  may  punish  its 'nu-'mi,ers' for      T      "s      2       n 
re^*;l.^'''''™"T^'^'"'-•'^'^'''  "pel  a  member  f.r.      1       S      2      31 
Dufara.,.-  others  retained  bv  the  people.     The  enumeration   ,„     '       '      -^      ^^ 
the  Constitutinn  ,,f  certain  rights  >hall  not  l,e  constnicl  to 
deny  or.     (. Amendments |   ...  g 

Dtsqualifi.at,o».     No   Senator   or   Representative   shall,    dunrg  "  ^ 

the  time  for  which  lie  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  aiiv  office 
under  the  L  nited  Stale-  which  shall  have  been  crea'le.l  or 
Its  emoluments  increased  (hiring  such  term  16^1? 

No  person  holding  under  the  Unite.l  St.ntes  shall  be  a  nu-ml'ier  " 

ot  either  House  during  his  continuance  in  office  !       fi       '       17 
No  Der-on   sh.ill  be  a   member  of   either   House.    Pre.idenfi  .1  " 
elector,   or   hold    anv   .iffice   under   the   United    .^t;.te-     or 
any  .State,  wh...  having  previoiislv  -worn  to  support  the 
t-oM-titntion,   afterwards  engaged    in    insurn-cti.ni    or    re- 
bellion.     (.Amendment- 1    j^       ,      _      ^ 

Rut   Coiinre-s  mav.  bv  a  vole  of   two-third-   of  eail;   Vb,n-'.. 

remove -uch  (li-ability.    (.Amendments) 14       !  48 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION  gj 

Domestic  violence.    The  United  States' ;hairproVeci  each' State    '      '      '      ^ 
against   invasion    and    . . .  "'*     .       .  ^ 

I>«f   <.rof«,   0/  /azi;      No  person   shairr.ecompeile'd. 'in   anv  " 

nr^H^'Mr-  ft.^  *  *"""^  »«=""'*»  himself,  nor  t^  de^ 
pr.ved  of  he    liberty,  or  property  without,     (.^men.lmentsl     5  44 

without.      I  Amendments]     i.i      i  ..o 

£)«/.«  a«d  rc.uv«  of  the  office  of   President.'  in   case  of   his 
Vice-Pr«ide«  •  °'  '""'''"'^   '°  *"•   '*'='"  '''^"'^^  ""   'h^ 

sh^l^  ""         •    '-""«'*^**    ^^.-,11    declare    what    officer 

and  collect  taxes   *  1      «      i       ii 

Shall  be  uniform  throughout  thf  United' States. ■ 1      R      1       u 

^""^'^^h^ll  iKjIaKl  on  article,  exported   from  an V  .State.'   No     '      "      '      ^•' 

^"'£lfilfci^''''?V^^  1      9  5  35 

state  shall  not  be  obhged  to  pav 1       Q  ft  i? 

On  imports  and  exports,  without  the  consent  of  Congress   ex-  »  °  « 
ccpt  where  necevsary  for   executing  its   inspection   laws. 

No  State  shall  lay  any  1     10  2  « 

DuUe,  on  imports   or   exports.     The  net  produce  of   all  'such  '     '"  '^  "'^ 
Stl'tes                     ''         "'*"  "^  ""■  ^"'■"'"'^v  of  the  United 

All  laws  laying  such' duties 'sh'al'rr.esubj'ect"to  "the  r^^^^  1     10  2  35 

control  of  Congress   ,     ,„  ,  „ 

Duty  of  toHmme  without  the  consent  of  Congress.    '  No' State  "  "  J^ 

'*''='" '''y  ='"5' 1     10  3  35 

E. 

Electi.m  of  President  and  Vice-President.    Congress  mav  deter- 
mine the  day  for  the "  '       1        1       t7 

Shall  be  the  same   throughout   the  United' Static,    "tlie 'dav    "  " 

of   the    •'    2      1       !      77 

£/<•<-/■■,.».»  for  Senators  and  Kepresentatives'."T'he  legis'la'turesof  ' 

the   States   shall   prescribe   the   times,   places,    and    manner 

of    holding    .       , 

But  Congress  may,  at  any  time,  alter  such  regulations,  except 

as  to  the  places  of  chooM.g  Senators 1       4       I       11 

blechons  for  .S>nator>  and  '^Tre^.ntatives.     Returns  ami  .luali- 
hc.itions  of  Its  own  members.     Each  House  shall  l>e  judge 

"f    the     '     "       .       , 

£/f<Mr.,-  for  numbers  ,.f  thv  House  of  Kepresentati've^'     ( Hiali- 

fications  ot    ~  .       2       i       25 

Elclnrs   for   members   ..f    the    Senate. "qualifirations '  of'     The 

nxteenth    amendment.      [.Amendments] 17       -       1       50 


*■■ 


**;! 


MKtOCOrv   MSOIUTION   TtST  CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2) 


1.0 


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■  1.8 

1.6 


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/*=PLIED  IIVMGE    Inc 

•^••^    fait    Mor.    M.p.t 


64  INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 

AKT.  SEC.  CL.  PAGE 

Electors  for  President  and  Vice-President.  Each  State  shall 
appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature  thereof  may 
direct,  a  number  of  electors  equal  to  the  whole  number  of 
Senators  and  Representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  o      vi 

entitled  in  the  Congress   ••.•■ ■••■     *      1      ^      M 

But  no  Senator  or  Representative,  or  person  holding  an  ottice 
of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United   States  shall  be  ap- 

pointed  an  elector ............     2      I      -J      JO 

EUc'ors.     Congress  may  determine  the  time  of   choosing  the 

electors  and  the  day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votes..     ^      ]      ■>      ■{' 
Which  day  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the  United  States..    J      1      J      J/ 
The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  Stctes  and  vote  by 
ballot  for  President  and  Vice-President,  one  of  whom, 
at  least,  shall  not  be   an  inhabitant  of  the  same  State 

with  themselves.     [Amendments] ••  • '«      - 

Electors  shall  name,  in  their  ballots,  the  person  voted  for  as 
President;  and  in  distinct  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as 

Vice-President    [Amendments]   ■  •  •  • 1^      -      "      * 

They  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  the  persons  voted  for  as 
President  and  of  persons  voted  for  as  Vice-President, 
which  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transrnit  sealed  to 
the  seat  of  government,  directed  to  the  President  of  the  _      46 

Senate.      [Amendments]    .•.•;•■. :■ 

No  person  having  taken  an  oath  as  a  legislative,  executive,  or 
judicial  officer  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  State,  and 
afterwards  engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the 

Uiifed  Sutes,  shall  be  an  elector.     [Amendments]. 14      3      -      « 

But  Congress  may.  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  House. 

nm.ove   such   disability.     [Amendments]       ..............  14      3      -      « 

Emancipation  of  any  slave  shall  be  held  to  be  illegal  and  void. 

Claims  for  the  loss  or.    [.Amendments] 14      4  « 

Emit  hills  of  credit.    No  state  shal i-^-i::, 

Emo.   „u-ntoi  any  kind  from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  State. 

without  the  consent  of  Congress.     No  person  holding  any  _      „ 

office  under  the  United  States  shall  accept  any ......... .._     1      9      »      J5 

Enemies.     Treason    ■shall   consist   m   levying   war   agamst   the 

United  States,  in  adhering  to,  or  giving  aid  and  comfort    ^      3      j      39 

£nsal)rL^'"«(/contractcd  before  the  adoption  of  this  Constitu- 

tion  shall  be  valid.    All  debts  and ■■■  v;  r  \y 6      -      1      41 

Enumeration  of  the  inhabitants  shall  be  made  withm  three  years 

after  the  first  meeting  of  Congress,  and  withm  every  subse-  ^      ^9 

quent  term  of  ten  years  thrrtaf ter ■ mnm 

Ratio  of   representation  not  to  exceed  one   for  every  30.000  -       ,„ 

until  the  first  enumeration    'mil  be  made. •        1      i      •'      o" 

In  the  Constitution,  of  cert.T       .«hts,  -^hall  not  be  c<«i'tnie<l 
to  deny  or  disparage  otlH.>  retained  by  the  people     The. 
r  Amendments)     (See  sixteenth  amendment,  page  4<<|  ... .     v      -      -      -fj 
Equal  prolcctiar,  of  the  law.     N.;  State  shall  deny  to  any  person 

wi  bin  its  juriMlirtion  ll.r.     I  Amrn.tments    ■.■■■.•■    ■.  .  ■    1*       '  ^ 

£<,„„/ ,n<fl>«.;,-.n  the  S-n.tr      N„  St.ite  .ball  be  deprived  with-     ^  _       ^, 

Pt(aMi"tftm<-«""'f"tlir.  ron^titution  lutwron  the  States  ratifying 

the  sLc.    The  ratification  of  „i,„.  St.ite=  .hall  be  sufficient    ^  ^3 

ExclZi-l 'hail  slndi  nV.l  be  requircl.  nor  .Nre-ive  fines  impo.c.l. 

nor  crm-lan,l.,m>  11.1  l-mu-bnunt-  inflict. . I.   |.-\nHM,.lmert>l     R       -       -       45 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


65 


ART. 

Excises.     Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes, 

duties,  imposts,  and 1 

Shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United  States.     All  duties, 

imposts,  and 1 

Exclusive  Icgulalii  fi,  in  all  cases,  over  such  district  as  may  be- 
come the  seat  of  government.     Congress  shall  exercise 1 

Exclusive  legislation  over  all  places  purchased  for  the  erection 
of  forts,  magazines,  arsenals,  dockyards,  and  other  needful 

buildings.    Congress  shall  exercise 1 

Executive  of  a  Slate.  The  United  States  shall  protect  each  State 
against  invasion  and  domestic  violence  on  the  application  of 

the  legislature  or  the 4 

Executive  and  judicial  officers  of  the  United  States  and  of  the 
several  States  shall  be  bound  by  an  oath  to  support  the  Con- 
stitution        6 

Executive  Departments.  On  subjects  relating  to  their  duties  the 
President  may  require  the  written  opinions  of  the  principal 

officers  in  each  of  the 2 

Congress  may  by  law  vest  the  appointment  of  inferior  officers 

in  the  heads  of 2 

Executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  President  of  the  United 

States  of  America.     The 2 

Expel  a  member.  Each  House,  with  the  concurrence  of  two- 
thirds,  may  1 

Expenditures  of  public  money  shall  be  published  from  time  to 

time.    A  regular  statement  of  the  receipts  and 1 

ExporiatioHS  from  any  State.    No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on.     1 
Exports  or  imports,  except  upon  certain  conditions.     No  State 
shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duties  on . . .     1 
Laid  by  any  State  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  Treasury.    The 

net  produce  of  all  duties  on 1 

Shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and  control  of  Congress.    All 

laws  of  the  States  laying  duties  on 1 

Ex  post  facto  law  shall  be  passed.    No  bill  of  attainder  or 1 

Ex  post  facto  law.  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts. 

No  State  shall  pass  any  bill  of  attainder 1 

Extraordinary  occasions.  The  President  may  convene  hpth 
Houses  or  either  of  them '. . .     2 

F. 

Faith  and  credit  in  each  State  shall  be  given  to  the  acts,  records, 
and  judicial  proceedings  of  another  State.    Full 4 

Felony,  and  breach  of  the  peace.  Members  of  Congress  shall 
not  be  privileged  from  arrest  for  treason 1 

Felonies  cniiuiiitted  on  the  high  seas.  Congress  shall  have  power 
to  define  and  punish  piracies  and 1 

Fines.    Excessive  fines  shall  not  be  imposed,     f  Amendments] . .     8 

Foreign  coin.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  coin  money,  fix  the 
standard  of  weights  and  measures,  and  to  regulate  the 
value  of  1 

Foreign  nations  among  the  States  and  with  the  Indian  tribes. 
Congress  shall  have  power  to  regulate  commerce  with 1 

Fnreujn  power.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress. 
piTti-r  into  any  compact  or  agreement  with  any I 

Forfeiture  except  during  the  life  of  the  per-ioti  attainted.  At- 
tainder of  tri-ason  shall  not  work   .1 


SEC.  CL.  FACE 
8        1        3i 

8      1      33 
8    17      34 

8    17      34 

4-40 

-      3      41 


2 

1 

37 

■y 

2 

38 

1 

1 

36 

s 

2 

31 

9 
9 

7 

S 

35 
35 

10 

2 

35 

10 

2 

35 

10 
9 

2 
3 

35 
34 

10 

1 

35 

3 

«. 

38 

-      40 
1      32 


8    10 


33 

45 


10 


5     33 

3      .^3 


35 


39 


i'l 


;  i 


6g  INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 

AKT.  SEC.  CL.  PAGE 

nlSio^i  of  the  legislature  or  of  the  executive  (when  the 

iSture  can  not  be  convened)  against  domestic  vjolen^^^^^    4      4      -      40 

Por/Jr^Snes   arsenals,  dockyards,  and  other  needful  build- 
^"'ingr^onrres'   shallexercTse  exclusive  authority  over  all  „      3^ 

f..fi;anhe%!orz'S^ 

not  be  infringed.    A  well-regulated  m.litia  being  necessary  _      ^ 

to  the  security  of  a.  [Amendments] •  • • •  • 

f«Xr/frcm  crLe  found  in  ancther  State  shall,  on  demand 

be  delivered  u-  to  the  authorities  of  the  State  ffo-"  "'^'l*;*;     4      2      2      40 

F«Jllv«"from*'"ervice'  or' '  labor'  in'  on^'  sVate.'  'escaping"  tato 

another  Stat.,  shall  be  delivered  up  to  the  party  to  whom  ^      ^ 

such  service  or  labor  may  be  due 

G. 

General  welfare  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty,  etc.      To  _  _  29 

GeZ7u%'^e:   S^^JalihavepowertoVrovidVfoVthe  ^      ^  ^  33 

G^o^h^n^be^emiU^dtotl^reeReprese^  1      2  3  30 

Go/d^y^/wV  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts.     No  Stite  ^     j,j  j  35 

G.od  M.r^,t.  ^^^'Tutf  of.iheSupreme  3      1      -      38 

shall  hold  their  offices  during •  •  •  ■  • 

Government.    The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  ^ 

in  this  Union  a  republican  form  of . . ._ •  •  •  ■■••;• 

And  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  mvasion ;  and  on  ap- 
piration  of  the  legislature  or  of  the  executive  (When  the 

legislature  can  not  be  convened)  ag-unstdoine-tic  violence.    4      4  W 

Gra«d  jury.   No  person  ^hall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or 

otherwise  infamous  crime,  unless  on  the  presentment  of  »•     ^      _      _      ^^ 

ExMpt"in"Jases  arising' in  tlie  land  and  naval  forces,  and  in 

the  militia  when  in  actual  service.  [.Amendments] •     S      -  *" 

Guarantee  to  every   State  in  this  Union  a  rcpuUliran   form  «'  ^q 

Bovernment.    The  United  States  shall ........•••     '*      '^  "^ 

Guarantee.  And  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  mvasion. 
and  on  application  of  the  legislature  or  of  the  executive 
(when  the  legislature  can  not  be  convened)  against  domestic    ^      ^  ^ 

violence    

H 

Habea.s  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended  unless  in  cases  of   f*',  „      ,      34 

hellion  or  invasion.    The  writ  of ■ ■■  • 

Heads  of  Departments.    Congress  may  by  law  vest  the  appoint-  ^  ^ 

mcnt  of  inferior  officers  m  the           ............  ■■ •■■  -  -      -      ■» 

On  an-  subject  relating  to  their  <liities.  the  I'r.  siilent  mav  r(  - 

.in'ire  the  written  opinion  of  tlic  principal  officers  in  each  ,  -       ,       „ 

<  f  the  Executive  Departments -  ^ 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


67 


ART.  SEC.  CL.  PAGE 

Htgh  cnmes  and  rmsdemeanors.    The  President,  Vice-President, 
and  all  civil  officers  shall  be  removed  on  impeachment  for 

and  conviction  of  treason,  bribery,  or  other 2      4      -      38 

House  of  Representatives.    Congress  shall  consist  of  a  Senate 

and    1      1      _      29 

Shall  be  composed  of  members  chosen  every  second  year 1      2      1      29 

Qualifications  f  <■  electors  for  members  of  the 1      2      1      29 

No  person  shall  be  a  member  who  shall  not  have  attained  the 
age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a  citizen 

of  the  United  States   1      2      2      29 

The  executives   of   the   several   States   shall   issue   writs   of 

election  to  fill  vacancies  in  the 1      2      4      30 

Shall  choose  their  Jpeaker  and  other  officers 1      2      S      30 

Shall  have  the  sole  power  of  impeachment 1      2      S      30 

Shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  returns,  and  qualifica- 
tions of  its  own  members 1      5      1      31 

A  majority  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business 1      5      i      31 

Less  than  a  majority  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day  and  com- 
pel the  attendance  of  absent  members 1      5      1      31 

May  determine  its  own  -ules  of  proceedings 1      S      2      31 

May  punish   its  mem>)ers   for  disorderly  behavior,  and,  with 

the  concurrence  of  two-thirds,  expel  a  member 1      5      2      31 

Shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings 1      S      3      31 

Shall  not  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days  during  the  session 

of  Congress  without  the  consent  of  the  Senate 1      5      4      32 

For  any  speech  or  debate  in  either  House,  men,     rs  shall  not 

be  questioned  in  any  other  place 1      6      1      32 

No  person  holding  any  office  under  the  United  States  shall, 

while  holding  such  office,  be  a  member  of  the 1      6      2      32 

No  member  shall,  during  the  time  for  which  he  was  elected, 
be  appointed  to  an  office  which  shall  have  been  created  or 

the  emoluments  increased  during  his  membership 1      6      2      32 

All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the 1      7      1      32 

The  votes  for  President  and  Vice-President  shall  be  counted 

in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and.  [Amendments] 12      -      -      46 

If  no  person  have  a  majority  of  electoral  votes,  then  from  the 
three  highest  on  the  list  the  House  of  Representatives 
shall  immediately,  by  ballot,  choose  a  President.  [Amend- 
ments]       12      _      _      46 

They   shall   vote  by   States,   each   State   counting  one  vote. 

[Amendments]    12      _      _      45 

A  quorum  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two- 
thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  tho  States  shall 
he  necessary  to  the  choice  of  a  President.  [Amendments]  12  -  -  4<5 
No  person  having  as  a  legislative,  exeaitive.  or  judicial  officer 
of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  State,  taken  an  oath  to 
support  the  Constitution,  and  afterwards  engaged  in  in- 
surrection or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  shall  be 

a  member  of  the.     [Amendments] 14      3      _      48 

But  Congress  may.  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  House, 

remove  such  dis.ibility.     [Amendments]    14      3      _      43 

I. 

Imminent  danaer  as  will  not  admit  of  delay.  No  State  shall, 
without  the  cimscnt  of  Congress,  fng-ige  in  war,  unless 
actually  invaded  or  in  such 1     10      3      35 


f  1 

■m  t  ■  -ri 


\-  ■»■ 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 

\RT.  SEC.  CL.  PAGE 

l„„unUi.s.     Members  tSrfflheSi^e'bellwTegedTo^m 
treason,  felony,  and  breach  oltne  p"    ,       k  ^^ 

ments]    •••••■  ■  •  •  •  •  ; •••;■■■■  '^y '{aw  which  shall  abridge 
^•^  fhnS«Ts^orL"Ss'"oV?it«ens  ,      _      ,7 

Nor'5^;^X'S^^'^£S^----^^-:i4      I      -     48 
^^,.:£^,''^'^:^^^^^^^-^^-'.^'--    3      3      1^ 

The  trial  of  all  crimes  »*'»">«/„Vtr7ason   bribery,  and  other 

^-'S^r^i^^^^^^^^f:^''^^^^^    2      4      -      38 
rf  Jit  a^  all  civil  officers  shall  be  removed  upon.....  .■■•••       f      3      ^      31 

^^ss^L^i^^^^th^'s^^-^"- ;  3 .  31 

men ^he°WeVident•  of  the' United  States  is  tried  the  Ch.ef     ^      3      ^      3^ 

No{ert'n%tll\nonvictedwithout^  ,      3      6      31 

,„,^:^:^,{lr^[fd^o:^remova,^^^  ,      3      ,      3I 

But^tfptS^onv^^^A•■be••H^^^^^^  I      3      7      31 

/..orJ^^sla^-^^tril^^haii  not  (.prohibited  i,v  the     ^      ,      ,      3, 

Bu?a^t'^"ordutyoftendollarsfore,ch  person  may  be  im-     ^      ,      ^      34 

-£SF£»n'^^^^'™  I     .      3      3S 

..  SS^-lirbJ^riSiSH^^^^  -0      3      3S 

,:^- .^^»^t^i^^^  1    10     a     3S 

IfCt   taxes,   duties    .......  ■ .  ■■    ■  -V' •.  J   States.     All  taxes,  „ 

Shall  he  uniform  throuRli.nit  the  Lnitcn  .-^laie-  ....     1      8      1      33 

resignation,  or    


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


69 


A«T. 
Inabitily  of   the    President  or   Vice-President.     Congress   may 
provide  by  law  for  the  case  of  the  removal,  death,  resigna- 
tion, or 2 

fncomes,  the  Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes 

on.     The  sixteenth   ai-ncndment.     [Amendments] 16 

Indian  tribes.    Congress  shall  have  power  to  regulate  commerce 

with  the 1 

Indictment  or  presentment  of  a  grand  jury.  No  person  shall  be 
held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or  infamous  crime  unless  on. 

[Amendments]  5 

Except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces  or  in  the 

militia  when  in  actual  service.    [Amendnifit-i] 5 

Indictment,  trial,  judgment  and  punishment,  at^ording  to  law. 
The  party  convicted  in  case  of  impeachment  shall  neverthe- 
less be  liable  and  subject  to 1 

Infamous  crime  unless  on  presentment  or  indictment  of  a 
grand   jury.     No   person    shall  be  held  to  answer   for  a 

capital  or.     [Amendments]    5 

Inferior  courts.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  constitute  tri- 
bunals inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court 1 

Inferior  courts  as  Congress  may  establish.  The  judicial  power 
of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  in  one  Supreme  Court 

and  such  3 

The  judges  of  both,  the  Supreme  Court  and  inferior  courts 

shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior 3 

Their  compensation  ^hall  not  be  diminished  during  their  con- 
tinuance in  office  3 

Inferior  officers  in  the  courts  of  law,  in  the  President  alone,  or  in 
the  heads  of  Departments.    Congress,  if  they  think  proper, 

may  by  law  vest  the  appointment  of 2 

Inhabitant  of  the  .State  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen.  No  person 
shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  the  age  of 
thirty  years,  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States, 

and  who  shall  not.  when  elected,  be  an 1 

Insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  United  States.  No  person 
shall  be  a  Senator  or  Representative  in  Congress,  or  Presi- 
dential elector,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  military,  under 
the  United  States,  or  any  State,  who,  having  taken  an  oath 
as  a  legislative,  executive,  or  judicial  officer  of  the  United 
States,  or  of  a  State,  afterwards  engaged  in.  [Amendments)  14 
But  Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  House, 

remove  such  disabilities.     [Amendments] 14 

Debts  declared  illegal  and  void  which  were  contracted  in  aid 

of.     [Amendments]   14 

Insurrections  and  repel  invasions.    Congress  shall  provide  for 

caUing  forth  the  militia  to  suppress 1 

Invasion.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  en- 
gage in  war  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent 

danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay 1 

The  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended  unlc's  in 

case  of  rebellion  or 1 

Invasion  and  domestic  violence.  The  United  States  shall  pro- 
tect each  State  against 4 

Invasions.     Congress  shall  piovide  for  calling  forth  the  mihtia 

to  suppress  insurrections  and  repel 1 

Inventors  and  authors  in  their  inventions  and  writings,    Cnngre" 
may  pass  laws  to  secure  for  limited  times  exclusive  rifihts  t" 
Invcturtary  scrtitudr.  except  as  a  puni'^hment  for  crime,  abol- 
ished in  thf  United  States.    Slavery  and.    [Amin«lmcnts] . .   13 


SEC. 

CL. 

PAGE 

1 

S 

37 

- 

- 

49 

8 

3 

33 

- 

- 

44 

_ 

_ 

44 

3   7   31 


- 

- 

44 

8 

9 

33 

1 

- 

38 

1 

- 

38 

1 

« 

39 

2   2   38 


3   3   30 


3-48 
3-48 
4-48 

8  IS   34 

10   3   3.S 

9  2  34 
4-40 
8  IS   34 

1   -   46 


P 

I 


1 

|- 

I 

f: 


II 


ill 


h. 


70  INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 

J. 

ART. 

Jeopardy  of  life  or  limb  for  the  same  offense.    No  person  shall 

be  twice  put  in.     [Amendments] 5 

Journal  of  its  proceedings.    Each  House  shall  keep  a 1 

Judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  by  the  Constitution,  the 
laws  made  in  pursuance  thereof,  and  treaties  of  the  United 

States,  which  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land 6 

Judges   of  the  Supreme  and  inferior  courts   shall  hold   their 

offices  during  good  behavior 3 

Their  compensation  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  con- 
tinuance in  office • 3 

Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment   shall  not  extend  further 
than  to  removal  from  office  and  disqualification  to  hold  any 

office  of  honor,  trust,  or  profit  under  the  United  States 1 

But  the  party  convicted  shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and  sub- 
ject to  indictment,  trial,  judgment,  and  punishment  ac- 
cording to  law • ,■•,".■■/■■■ 

Judicial  power   of   the    United  Stales.     Congress   shall   have 
power    to    constitute    tribunals    inferior    to    the    Supreme 

Court    • •,••,;•; '."■' 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  m 
one  Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  Con- 
gress may  from  time  to  time  ordain  and  estabUsh. ......     3 

The  judges  of  the  Supreme  and  inferior  courts  shall  hold 

their  offices  during  good  behavior.. ...... ....... •••.•     3 

Their   compensation    shall    not   be   diminished   during   their 

continuance  in   office •. ;•. ■  •  •     3 

It  shall  extend  to  all  cases  in  law  and  equity  arising  under 

the  Constitution,  laws,  and  treaties  of  the  United  States,     i 
To   all  cases   aiJecting  ambassadors,   other   public  ministers 

and   consuls    •.-. —  :■•.•■••■: , 

To  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction J 

To  controversies  to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party.     3 

To  controversies  between  two  or  more  States •  ■     3 

To   controversies  between  a  State   and  ciUzens  of   another 

State    ; ■■■■■ •••1 , 

To  controversies  between  atizens  of  different  btetes J 

To  citizens  of  the  same  State  claiming  lands  under  grants  ot 

different   States    .•; ••••••:•■     3 

To  controversies  between  a  State  or  its  citizens  and  foreign 

states,  citizens,  or  subjects •  . •  •. •     3 

In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and 
consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  a  party,  the 

Supreme  Court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction 3 

In  all  other  cases  before  mentioned   it   shall   have   appellate 
jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such  excep- 
tions  and  under  such  regulations  as  Congress  shall  make. .      3 
The  trial  of  all  crimes  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall 

be  by  jury • ,- : ■  ;, 

The  trial  shall  he  held   in  the  State  where  the  crimes   shall 

have  been  committed ••,■■,■■;,•; u 

But  when  not  committed  in  a  State,  the  trial  shall  be  at  such 

place  or  places  as  Conpress  may  by  law  have  directed  . . .  3 
The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  held  to 
extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity  commenced  or  prose- 
cuted against  one  of  the  Unite  '  «^  ites  by  citizens  of  an- 
other State,  or  by  citizens  or  sub,  -  of  any  foreign  state. 
[Amendments]    


SEC.  CU  PAGE 
-       -       44 

5      3      31 


-  2  41 

1  -  38 

1  -  39 

3  7  31 

3  7  31 


8 

9 

33 

1 

- 

38 

1 

- 

38 

1 

- 

39 

2 

1 

39 

2 

2 
2 
2 

1 
1 

1 

1 

39 
39 
39 
39 

2 
2 

1 
1 

39 
39 

2 

1 

39 

2 

1 

39 

2  2  39 

2  2  39 

2  3  39 

2  3  39 

2  3  39 


45 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


71 


ART 

Judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  State.    Full  faith  and  credit 

shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the  acts,  records,  and 4 

Congress  shall  prescribe  the  manner  of  proving  such  acts, 

records,  and   proceedings 4 

Judicial  and  executive  officers  of  the  United  States  aiid  of  the 
several  States  shall  be  bound  by  an  oath  to  support  the 

Constitution   5 

Judiciary.    The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction 

m  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers 

and  consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State  may  be  a  party. . .     3 

The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction  both  as 

to  law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions  and  regulations  as 

Congress    may    make 3 

Junction  of  two  or  more  States  or  parts  of  States  without  the 
consent  of   the  legislatures   and  of   Congress.     No   State 

shall  be  formed  by  the 4 

Jurisdiction  of  another  State.     No  new  State  shall  be  formed 

or  erected  within  the 4 

Jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions  aiid 
under  such  regulations  as  Congress  may  make.  The  Su- 
preme Court  shall  have  appellate 3 

Jurisdiction.  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  and  other 
public  ministers  and  consuls,  and  in  cases  where  a  State  is  a 

party,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have  original 3 

Jury.    The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment, 

shall  be  by    3 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions  the  accused  shall  have  a  speedy 

and  public  trial  by.     [Amendments] 6 

All  suits  at  common   law,  where  the  value  exceeds  twenty 

dollars,  shall  be  tried  by.     [Amendments] 7 

Where  a  fact  has  been  tried  by  a  jury  it  shall  not  be  re- 
examined   except    by   the    rules    of    the    common    law. 

[Amendments]     7 

Just  comtensation.     Private  property   shall   not  be  taken   for 

public  use  without.      [Amendments] 5 

Justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity,  etc.  To  establish. 
[  Preamble]     _ 

L. 

Labor,  in  one  State,  escaping  into  another  State,  shall  \>i  de- 
livered up  to  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor  may 
be  due.     Fugitives   from   service  or 4 

Land  and  naval  forces.  Congress  shall  make  rules  for  the  gov- 
ernment  and    regulation    of   the 1 

La'j;  and  fact,  with  exceptions  and  under  regulations  to  be  made 
by  Congress.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  appellate 
jurisdict'->n  as  to 3 

Law  of  the  l.ind.  The  Constitution,  the  laws  made  in  pur- 
suance thereof,  and  treaties  of  the  United  States  shall  be 

the    supreme    6 

The  judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby fi 

Law  of  nations.     Congress  .shall  provide  for  punishing  offenses 

against   the    1 

Laxvs.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  provide  for  calling  fortli 
the  militia  to  suppress  insurrection,  repel  invasions,  and  to 
execute  the    I 


SEC.  CL.  PAGE 

1  -  40 

1  -  40 
-  3  41 

2  2  39 

2  2  39 

3  1  40 
3  1  40 

2  2  39 


2 

2     39 

2 

3      39 

- 

-     44 

- 

-     4S 

- 

-     45 

- 

-      44 

_ 

-      29 

2      3      40 
8    14      34 


2      39 


41 
41 


8    10      iZ 


8    15      34 


72  INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 

ABT.  SEC.  CL.  FAGB 

Laws  and  treaties  of  the  Umte-l  States.     The  judicial  power 

shall  extend  to  all  cases  in  law  and  equ.ty  arising  under  the    ^      ^      ^      ^^ 

Lcz^Tci^"  "  S^y-;nt<;-execuii<;n-thepowersves;ed-in 

the   Government,  or   in   any   department   or   officer   of   the  ,33^ 

United  States.    Congess  shall  have  power  to  make  a  l 1      »     1»      ^ 

L.saV»^«d.r  in  payment  of  debts.     No  State  shall  make  any-  35 

thine  but  gold  and  silver  com  a.... I"  "'"  li,.. 

LeaiilaUon  n.  all  cases  over  such  district  as  may  become  the 

se^t  of  government.     Congress  shall  have  power  to  exer-     ^      ^     ^j      ^ 

Ov«  airSces  pu;cha;ed'  by  consent  'of 'the"  legislatures  in 
the  different  States  for  the  erection  of  forts  magazines, 
arsenals,  dockyards,  and  other  needful  buildings.     Con-  -      3^ 

cress  shall  have  power  to  exercise  exclusive  1      »    1/      .v» 

LeuislaUon     Congress  shall  have  power  to  make  all  laws  neces- 
^sary  and  pro^r  for  carrying  into  execution  all  the  powers 
Tested  by  the  Constitution  in  the  Government  of  the  United  3^ 

Stotes    or  in  any  department  or  officer  thereof 1      »    1»      ^ 

Congr";  shall  have  power  to  enforce  the  thirteenth  amend-  _ 

Congrs^hK^prerpoMfourieenth-amend:  _      ^ 

Con^Asllarer^were-rrhe-fia^^^^^  ,      .      ,, 

ment  by  appropriate.      Amendments] i3 

L.S»/X"    p^we'r'  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a  Con      ^      j      _      39 

LegSre  o "  the'  'cxecui^e  (when  the  legislature  «"  not  be 
convened).  The  United  States  shall  protect  each  State 
agahS   invasion;   and   against   domestic   violence   »"   *e    ^      ^      _      ^ 

L„5£^"°wo^irds"orthe- State;:  Congress^haii 

convention  for  proposing  amendments  5      _      _      41 

L.»^^f^iSra;:3^^ai.-iiong;e;sshalVhavepo^^^^  ^^^      3, 

grant    ...■. • '.'.'.'..'.'.....     1    10      1      35 

LS^STo^tL^^-o^.o^^:^-''^^^^^'^^- 29 

^^rson^  hall  be   compelled  in  any  cntninal  (^se  to  ^  a 

witness   against   himself,   nor   be   ''«=P"ved   of.      [Amend-    ^      _      _      ^ 

N^Stlu  shall' abridge 'the  'privileges' or' immunities  of  citizens 

of  the  United  Stltes.  nor  deprive  any  person  of.    [Amend-  ^^      ^      _      ^ 

Li/,  ^^''Smbto'ihe'iameciffenserNoper^onsiuai'be'twice  _      ^ 

..i'oli:;iS!^n'^Cai?rSleheid'niega.a;^dVoid.^^      ^      _      ^ 

Claims  for  the.     [Amendments)    

M. 

chased    for   the    erection    of 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


73 


ART 

Majority  of  each  House  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  busi- 
ness.    A   I 

But  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn   from  day  to  day  aJid 
may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent 

members   1 

Majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.! ! .!     1 
When  the  choice  of  a  President  shall  devolve  on  the  House 
of  Representatives,  a  quorum  shall  coiisist  of  a  member 
or   members    from   two-thirds    of    the    States;    but    a. 

(Amendments]    jj 

Majority.  When  the  choice  of  a  Vice-President  shall  devolve 
on  the  Senate,  a  quorum  shall  consist  of  two-thirds  of 
the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.     [Amend- 

ment*]     12 

Mantime  jurisdiction.     The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all 

cases  of  admiralty  and 3 

Marque  and   reprisal.     Congress   shall   have   power   to   grant 

letters   of   1 

No  State  shall  grant  any  letters  of \ 

Maryland  entitled  to  six  Representatives  in  the  First  Congres.s       1 
Massachusetts  entitled   to   eight   Representatives   in   the   First 

Congress    1 

Measures.     Congress  shall  fix  the  standard  of  weights  and.. .     1 
Meeting  of  Congres.f.     The  Congress  shall  .  .semble  at  least 
once  in  every  year,  and  such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first 
Monday  in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  law  appoint  a 

diflferent   day    j 

Members  of  Congress  and  of  State  lei     latures  shall  be  bound 

by  oath  or  affirmation   to   suppor     the   Constitution 6 

Militia  to  execute  the  laws,  suppress   insurrections,  and  repel 

invasions.    Congress  shall  provide  for  calHng  forth  the 1 

Congress    shall    provide    for    organizing,    arming,    and    dis- 
ciplining the   1 

Congress    shall   provide   for   governing   such   part   of    them 

as  may  be  employed  by  the  United  States 1 

Reserving  to  the  States  the  appointment  of  the  officers  and 
the  right  to  train  the  militia  according  to  the  discipline 

prescribed  by  Congress  1 

A  well-regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the  security  »i    i 
free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  l>ear  arnr 

shall  not  be  infringed.     [Amendments] 2 

Misdemeanors.  The  Presiaent,  Vice-President,  and  a;  ;vil 
officers  shall  be  removed  on  impeachment  for  and  con- 
viction of  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and . 

Money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States.    Congress  shall  liavi 

power   to  borrow    

Regulate  the  value  thereof  and  of   foreign  coin      Congress 

shall  have  power  to  coin 

Shall   be   drawn   from   the   Treasury  but   in   consequence   ni 

appropriations  made  by  law.     No 

Money.  Shall  be  published  from  time  to  time.  A  regular 
statement    and    account    of    receipts    and    expenditures    «i 

public 1 

For    raising   and    supporting    armies.      No    appropriati.)n    of 
money  shall  be  fur  a  longer  term  than  two  year> 1 


SBC.  ex.  PAGE 
S        1        31 


5      1      31 
5      1      31 


A6 


- 

- 

46 

2 

1 

39 

8 

10 

2 

11 
1 
3 

34 
35 
30 

2 

8 

3 

5 

30 
33 

4 

2 

31 

- 

3 

41 

8 

15 

34 

8 

16 

34 

8 

16 

34 

8 

16 

34 

44 

38 
33 
33 


till 


I 


f?< 


wm 


m 


L 


74  INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 

N. 

A«T.  SF-   'X.PAOl 

Nations.    Congress  shall  liave  power  to  regulate  commerce  with     j      g      3      33 
CongresT  shall   provide  "for   punishing  offenses   against  the     ^      ^    ^^      ^^ 

Natural-born  ciiicen'.'oT  a  citizen  at  the  adoption  of  the  Consti- 
tution,  shall  be   eligible  to   the  office   of    President.     '^^    ,      1      4      37 
person    except   a •  •  • ".  Y '  V 

Naturalisation.    Congress  shall  have  power  to  establish  a  uni-     j      g      ^      33 

ATotKrX J"in  tL' United  States'. 'and  subject  to  the'/ i""|dic- 
tion.  shall  be  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  of  Uie  bUte 
in   which   they    reside.     All   persons   bom   or.      [Amend-  j^      j      _      ^7 

ATaw/'/^rfM.  ' 'Congress"  shali 'make "rules  and  regu^^  1  ft  14  34 

the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land  and J  2  n  34 

Navy.    Congress  shall  have  power  to  provide  and  maintain  a..  1  H  U  J* 

New  Hampshire  entitled  to  three  Representatives  in  the  First  j  3  3  30 

Ar«i;°^"*ent>tied 'to 'four "Representatives  in  the  First  Con-  j  3  3  30 

NexTstates  "may  "be  "admitted "  by"  "Confess  into  Oiis.  Union ....     4      3      1      40 
But  no  new  Stole  shall  be  formed  within  the  jurisdiction  °^    ^      3      j      40 

Nor*^hairany  State 'b^"  formed"  by  "th"^  junction  of  two  or 

'      more  States,  or  parts  of  States,  v  ithout  the  consent  ««  .  ^  ,  ^ 

the  legislatures   and   of   Congress.  ...........•••■•••••  •  <*  o  i  -^ 

New  York  entitled  to  six  Representatives  in  the  First  Con-  j  3  3  30 

Aro6fKrshail't>e'gran"tedby"ihe'yni"ted"s"t"ate;.""No  title  of....     }      «     f      ^S 

No   State  shall  grant   any  title  of ,;■  ■•.•;••  "u  V. 

NoMoLfor  oMce  by  the  President    The  President  shall 

nominate,  and.  by  and  with  the  advrce  and  ~nsent  of  Uie  jg 

Senate  shall  appoint  ambassadors  and  other  public  officers. .     2      2      2      JH 

He  may  grant  commissions  to  fill  vacancies  that  happen  in 

the  rwess  of  the  Senate,  which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  ^      ^      ^ 

tiieir  next  session •. ." •  i; ' " i-"' ' ' '/•''' 

North  Carolina  entitled  to  i^ve  Representatives  in  the  First  Con-     ,      3      3      30 

NumhTof  electors  for"  "Presidwt  'and  Vi'{e'  'President  in  each 

State  shall  be  equal  to  the  number  of  Senators  and  Repre-  _      .^ 

sentatives  to  which  such  State  may  be  entitled  m  Congress    2      1      2      36 

O. 

Oath  of  office  of  the  President  of  the  United  States.    Form  "^    3      1      7      37 

Oa/for"affir".mif''<;"«.''  No  "warrants"  "shall"  "be   issued   but  upon 

probable   cause,    supported    by.      f  •^'"'"dmentsl . . .  ^. . . .  .^^     4      -  <« 

To  support  the  Constitution.  Senators  and  Representatives 
members  of  State  legislatures,  executive  and  Judicial 
officers  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several   States,    ^      _      3      4, 

shall  be  bound  by ;  •  •  • ,■.;.• " ' 

But  no  religious  test  .shall  ever  be  required  is  a  quahfica-     ^34, 

The  Senators  when  "sitting'to" try  impeachment  shall  he  on..     1      3      6      31 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


75 


ART. 

ObjectiuMi.    If  he  shall  not  approve  it,  the  President  shall  return 

the  bill  to  the  House  in  which  it  originated  with  his 1 

Obligation  of  contracts     No  State  sh^ll  pass  any  ex  post  facto 

law,  or  law  impairing  the  1 

Obligations  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  ur  rebellion  against 
the  United  States  to  be  held  illegal  and  void.     All  debts 

or.     [Amendments]    14 

Offense.    No  person  shall  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or 

limb  for  the  same.     [Amendments] S 

Offenses  against  the  law  of  nations.     Congress  shall  provide 

for  punishing   1 

Offenses  against  the  United  States,  except  in  cases  of  impeach- 
ment   The  President  may  grant  reprieves  or  pardons  for..     2 
OfUce  under  the  United  States.    No  person  shall  be  a  member 

of  either  House  while  holding  any  civil 1 

No  Senator  or  Representative  shall  be  appointed  to  any  office 
under  the  United  States  which  shall  have  been  created, 
or  its  emoluments  increased,  during  the  term  for  which  he 

is  elected   1 

Or  title  of  any  kind  from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  State, 
without  the  consent  of  Congress.  No  person  holding  any 
office  under  the  United  States  shall  accept  of  any  present, 

emolument    1 

OKce  of  President,  in  case  of  his  removal,  death,  resignation, 
or   inability,    shall    devolve   on    the    Vice-President.     The 

powers  and  duties  of  the 2 

OMce  during  the  term  of  four  years.  The  President  and  Vice- 
President  shall  hold    » 

Of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States  shall  be  an  elector 
for   President  and  Vice-President.     No   person   holding 

an    2 

OMce,  civil  or  military  under  the  United  States,  or  any  State, 
who  had  taken  an  oath  as  a  legislative,  executive,  or  judi- 
cial officer  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  State,  and  after- 
wards engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebellion.  No  person 
shall  be  a  Senator,  Representative,  or  Presidential  <;lectot. 

or   hold    any.      [Amendments]    14 

OMcers  in  the  President  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in 
the  heads  of  Departments.  Congress  may  vest  the  ap- 
pointment of  inferior 2 

OMcers  of  the  United  States  shall  be  removed  on  impeachment 
for  and  conviction  of  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes 
and  misdemeanors.    The  President,  Vice-President,  and  all 

civil  2 

OMcers.     The   House   of    Representatives    shall    choose    their 

Speaker  and  other 1 

The  Senate,  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice-President,  shall  choose 

a  President  pro  tempore,  and  also  their  other 1 

OMces  becoming  vacant  in  the  recess  of  the  Senate  may  be 
filled  by  the  President,  the  commissions  to  expire  at  the  end 

of   the   next   session 2 

One-fifth  of  the  members  present,  be  entered  on  the  journal 

of  each  House.    The  yeas  and  nays  shall,  at  the  desire  of . .     1 
Opinion  of  the  principal  officers  in  each  ai  the  Executive  De- 
partments  on    any    subject   relating   to   their    duties.     The 
President  may  require  the  written 2 


SEC 

a.  PAGE 

7 

2   32 

10 

1   35 

4 

-  48 

- 

-  44 

8 

10   33 

2 

1   38 

6 

2   32 

6  2  32 

9  8  35 

1  5  37 

1  1  36 

1  2  36 


3-48 
2     2      38 

4-38 

2  ;      30 

3  5      31 

2     3      38 
5      3      32 

2      1      37 


I 


.:! 


it. 

m 


f 


i^^ 


75  INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 

AST.  ISC.  CL.  FAGB 

Order,  resolution,  or  vote   (except  on  a  question  of  adjourn- 
ment), requiring  the  concurrence  of  the  two  Houses,  shall  ,      _      ,      ,, 
be  presented  to  the  President.    Every •  •  •  1      '      •»      •" 

Original  jurisdiction  in  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other 

public  ministers  and  consuls,  and  in  which  a  State  may  be  ^ 

a  partj-.    The  Supreme  Coui t  shall  have. J      ^      -      •>' 

Overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court.    Conviction  of  trea-  .      ,      ,       «, 

son  shall  be  on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the i      i      i.      o-* 

P. 

Pardons,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment.    The  President  may    ,      2      1      38 

grant  reprieves  ar.d ■ • 

Patent  rights  to  inventors.    Congress  may  pass  laws  for  secur-     j      g      g      33 

'\X\0  •••• 

Peace.    Members  of  Congress  shall  not  be  privileged  from  arrest  ,      ,       „ 

for  treason,  felony,  and  breach  of  the. ,••••; 1      o      1      o« 

No  SUte  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  keep  troops  „ 

or  ships  of  war  in  time  of •■• • 1     lu      J      oa 

No  soldier  shall  be  quartered  in  any  house  without  the  con- 

sent  of  the  owner -I  time  of .    [Amendments].. ....  ..•■.•     i      -  *" 

Pensions  and  bounties,  ihall  not  be  questioned.  The  validity 
of  the  public  debt  incurred  in  suppressing  insurrection  anU 
rebellion  against  the  United  States,  including  the  debt  for.  ^     _      ^g 

[Amendments]    :■•■:•■'■■•—'  yA" 

Pennsylvania  entitled  to  eight  Representatives  in  the  First  Lon-     j      2      3      30 

/Vo?/?'"Waceably  "  to  ' '  -emble'  and'  petition    for    redress    of 

grievances  shall  not  be  abridged  by  Congress.     The  right  _      ^ 

of  the.    [Amendments]   .■■••.•■,••  j' "  V iV 

To  keep  and  bear  arms  shall   not  be  infringed.     A   well- 
regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a  tree 

State,   the   right   of   the.      [Amendments) •••;,••;•     -:--*" 

To  be  secure  in  thtir  persons,  houses,  papers,  and   effects 
against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures  shall  not  be 
violated.    The  right  of  the.     [Amendments] .. ... . . . ....     4      -      -      -w 

The  enumeration  of  certain  rights  in  the  Constitution  shall 

not  he  held  to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the.  _      _      ^5 

[Amendments]    .•••.••, l-V-T'iT 

Power,  not  delegated  to  the  United  btatcs.  nor  prohibited  to 

the  States,  are  reserved  to  the  States  or  to  the.    [Amend-  j^^  _      ^5 

ments)    ; ;,' ' ' ' '  1 1 '  i 20 

Periect  Union,  etc.    To  establish  a  more.     [Preamble] -      -      -      t» 

Persons.    hou>es,    papers,    and    effects    against    unre.-isonable 

searches    and    seizures.      The    people    shall    be    secure    in  _      ^ 

their.     [Amendments]    _■'•   "u  li   "Tr 

Persons  a^  anv  State  mav  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  ne 

prohibited"  prior  to   1808.     The   migration   or   importation     ,      ^      ,      3^ 

But  aTax  or  duty  of  ten' doilars  shall' be  imposed  on  the  „      ,      3^ 

importition  of  each   of   such...... •.  •• 

Petitxon  for  the  rcdro's  of  grievances.    Congress  shall  make  no 

law  abridging  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  as'iemble  ^      ^^ 

and  to,     [Amendments]    • •• 

Piracies  a<id  fehrirs  committed  on   thr  high   sea'.     Congress     ,      g     ,y       ,3 
shall  dttinc  .ind  puiii'h   


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


77 


AST. 

Place  than  that  in  which  the  two  Houses  shall  be  sitting. 
Neither  House  during  the  session  shall,  without  the  consent 
of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any 

other  1 

Places  of  choosing  Senators.  Congress  may  by  law  make  or 
alter  legulations  for  the  election  of  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives, except  as  to  the 1 

Pcrts  of  one  State  over  those  of  another.  Preference  shall 
not  be  given  by  any  regulation   of  commerce  or  revenue 

to    the    1 

Ports.     Vessels  clearing  from  the  ports  of  one  State  shall  not 

pay  duties  in  another 1 

Post-offices  and  post-roads.     Congress  shall  establish 1 

Powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  Congress.  All  legis- 
lative          1 

Powers  vested  by  the  Constitution  in  the  Government  or  in 
any  Department  or  officer  of  the  United  States.    Congress 

shall  make  all  laws  necessary  to  carry  into  execution  the 1 

Powers  and  duties  of  the  office  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice- 
President  on   the   removal,  death,   resignation,  or  inability 

of   the   President.     The 2 

Powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  nor  prohibited  to 
the  States  are  reserved  to  the  States  and  to  the  people. 

[Amendments]    10 

The  enumeration  of  certain  rights  in  this  Constitution  shall 
not  be  held  to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the 

people.     [Amendments]    9 

Preference,  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or  revenue,  shall 
not    be   given    to   the    ports   of   one    State   over   those   of 

another    1 

Prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United  States  or  of  any  particular 
State  respecting  the   territory  or  property  of  the  United 

States.     Nothing   in   this   Constitution    shall 4 

Present,  emolument,  office,  or  title  of  any  kind  whatever  from 
any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  state.  No  person  holding  any 
office  under  the  United  States  shall,  without  the  consent  of 

Congress,  accept  any 1 

Presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except  in  cases 
arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces  or  in  the  militia  when 
in  actual  service.  No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for 
a    capital    tH    otherwise    infamous    crime    unless    on    a. 

[Amendments]    5 

President  of  the  I'nited  .States.  The  Senate  shall  choose  a 
President  pro  tempore  when  the  Vice-President  shall  ex- 
ercise the  office  of 1 

Tlic   Chief    lustire  shall  preside  upon  the  trial  of  the 1 

Shall  approve  and  sign  all  bills  by  Congress  before  they  shall 

become   laws    1 

Shall   return   In   ilu-   Hi>ii=o   in   which   it  originated,  with   his 

objection*,  ;iny  bill  which  he  shall  n<.t  approve.  .    1 

If  not  returned  within  ten  days  (Sundays  excepted)  it  shall 
In-comc  a  law,  unhss  Congress   shall  adjimrn  before  the 

expiration  of  that  time 1 

Every  or<ler.  resolution.  i>r  v'>ie  which  requires  the  con- 
currence of  tioth  Houses,  except  on  a  question  of  ad- 
journment, shall  be  presented  to  the I 

If  disapproved  by  him,  shall  be  returneil  and  proceeded  on 
as  in  the  case  of  a  bill 1 


SEC.  CL.  PAGE 

5      4  32 

4      1  31 

9  6  35 

9  6  35 

8  7  33 

1  -  29 

8  18  34 

1  5  37 

-  -  45 

-  -  45 

9  6  35 
3  2  40 

9  8  35 

-  -  44 

3  5  31 

3  6  31 

7  2  32 

7  2  32 

7  2  33 

7  3  33 

7  3  33 


i 

i 


78 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


■  i   - 

i 


{  ■'■•' 


AST.  SEC. 

President  of  the  United  States.    The  executive  power  shall  be 

vested  in  a  2      1 

He  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  four  years 2      1 

In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office,  or  of  his 

death,  resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge  the  duties  of 

his  office,  the  Vice-President  shall  perform  the  duties  of .     2      1 

Congress  may  declare,  bv  law.  in  the  case  of  the  removal, 

death,   resignation,   or   inabihty   of   the    President,   what 

officer  shall  act  as ••     2      1 

The  President  shall  receive  a  compensation  which  shall  not  be 
increased  nor  diminished  during  his  term,  nor  shall  he 
receive  any  other  emolument  from  the  United  States....     2      1 
Before  he  enters  upon  the  execution  of  his  office  he  shall  take 

an  oath  of  office ■     2      1 

Shall  be  Commander  in  Chief  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  and 

of  the  militia  of  the  States  when  called  into  actual  service    2      2 
He  may   require   the   opinion,   in    writing,   of   the   principal 

officer  in  each  of  the  Executive  Departments 2      2 

He  may  grant  reprieves  or  pardons  for  offenses,  except  m 

cases  of   impeachment 2      2 

He  may  make  treaties,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  Senate,  two-thirds  of  the  Senators  present  con- 
curring     •••••     2      2 

He  may  appoint,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  con^ent  of  the 
Senate,  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls, 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  all  other  officers 
whose  appointments  may  be  authorized  by  law  and  not 

herein  provided  for   ; •  ■ 2      2 

Congress   may  vest  the   appointment  of   inferior   officers   m 

the    , •.■••• 2      2 

He  may  lill  up  all  vacancies  that  may  happen  in  the  recess 
of  the  Senate  by  commissions  which  shall  expire  at  the 

end  of  their  next  session ■■■■■     2      2 

He  shall  give  information  to  Congress  of  the  state  of  the 

Union,  and  recommend  measures 2      3 

On  extraordinary  occasions  he  may  convene  both  Houses  or 

either  House  of  Congress ■     2      i 

In  case  of  disagreement  between  the  two  Houses  as  to  the 
time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time 

as  he  may  think  proper 2      .1 

He  shall  receive  ambassadors  and  other  public  ministers 2      3 

He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed 2      i 

He  shall  commission  all  the  officers  of  the  United  States 2      3 

Shall  be  removed  frum  office  on  impeachment  for,  and  con- 
viction of,  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  mis- 
demeanors     ■••••     2      4 

No  person  except  a  natural-born  citiien  ur  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States  at  tht-  adoptioii  of  the  Constitution  shall  he 

eligible  to  the  office  of ■  •  •  ■     2      1 

No  person  who  shall  not  b.ne  attained  the  age  of  thirty- 
five    years    and    lieen    fcmrtecii    years    a    citi7.cn    of    the 

United  States  shall  be  clinililo  to  the  office  of 2      1 

President    and    rin-l'r.-siJcnl       Manner    of    ihonsin,!.      Kach 

State,  by  its  h-gishtnrc,  shall  appoint  a  numlu-r  of  electors 

e()ual   to  the  whole  number  of    Senator-,   and    Rcprc^cnla- 

tivt's  to  which  the  St;it(   may  K-  entitlcM  in  the  C-t^cress   .     3       1 

No  Senator  or  Representative  or  person  holding  an  office  of 

trust  (.r  profit  under  the  United  States  shall  be  an  rUilor.     2       1 


CL.FAGE 


36 

36 


S      37 


S     37 


6 

37 

7 

37 

1 

37 

1 

37 

1 

38 

2      38 


2 

38 

2 

38 

3 

38 

- 

38 

- 

38 

- 

38 
38 
38 
38 

- 

38 

4 

37 

4 

37 

2 

.16 

2 

36 

INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


79 


President  and  Vice-President.  Manner  of  choosing.  Congress 
may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors  and  the 
day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votei,  which  day  shall 

be  the  same  throughout  the  United  States 2 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States  and  vote 
by  ballot  for  President  and  Vice-President,  one  of  whom, 
at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with 

themselves.     [Amendments]    12 

They  shall  name  in  distinct  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as 
President  and  the  person  voted   for  as   Vice-President 

[Amendments]    12 

They  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  the  persons  voted  for  as 
President  and  as  Vice-President,  which  they  shall  sign 
and  certify  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  President  of  the 

Senate  at  the  seat  of  government.    [Amendments] 12 

The  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certi- 
ficates, and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted.  [Amend- 
ments]       12 

The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  shall  be  the 
President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole 

number  of  electors  appointed.     [Amendments] 12 

If  no  person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons  hav- 
ing the  highest  numlers,  not  exceeding  three,  on  the  list 
of  those  voted  for  as  President,  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives shall  choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the  President. 

[Amendments]    12 

In  choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  States, 
the    representation    from    each    State    having   one   vote. 

[Amendments]    12 

A  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or 
members  from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of 
all  the  States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  [Amend- 
ments]      12 

But  if  no  choice  shall  be  made  before  the  4th  of  March  next 
following,  then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  President, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  disability  of  the  President. 

[Amendments]    12 

President  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote  unless  the  Sen- 
ate be  equally  divided.    The  Vice-President  shall  be 1 

President  fro  tempore.     In  the  absence  of  the  Vice-President 

the  Senate  shall  choose  a 1 

When  the  Vice-President  shall  exercise  the  office  of  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  the  Senate  shall  choose  a 1 

Press.     Congress  shall  pass  no  law  abridging  the  freedom  of 

speech  or  of  the.     [Amendments] 1 

Previ<us  condition  of  sertritude.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the 
United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  by 
the  United   St.-itcs,  or  by  any   State,  on  account  of   race, 

color,  or.     [Amendments]    15 

Private  fofcriy  shall  not  be  taken  for  public  use  without  just 

compensation.     [Amendments]    S 

I'rij  ilei/e.  Senators  and  Roproscntatives  shall,  in  all  cases  ex- 
cept treason,  felony,  and  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileued 
from  arrest  duripK  their  attendance  at  the  session  of  tiieir 
respective  Houses,  and  in  gninR  to  and  returning  from  the 

same   1 

They  .'.hall  not  be  questioned  for  any  speech  or  debate  in 
either  House  in  any  other  place I 


SEC  CI.  PAGE 

1  3  37 

-  -  4S 

-  -  46 

-  -  46 

-  -  46 

-  -  46 

-  -  46 

-  -  46 

-  -  46 


~ 

~ 

io 

3 

4 

31 

3 

5 

31 

3 

5 

31 

- 

- 

43 

1 

_ 

49 

_ 

_ 

44 

i 


*n 


6      1      32 
6      1      32 


80 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


ART.  SEC.  CL.  PACE 

Friviltges  a>id  immunities  of  citisens  of  the   United  States. 
The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all  the  privi- 
leges and  immunities  of  the  citizens  of  the  several  Sutes..     4      2      1      40 
No  soldier  shall  be  quartered  in  any  house  without  the  con- 

sent  of  the  owner  in  time  of  peace.    [Amendments] 3      -      -      44 

No  person  shall  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb  for 

tb  -  -.ame  offense.     (Amendments) 5      -      -      ** 

All  pi  v..  l-^rn  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and 
subj  -ct  lO  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the 
United   States  and  of   the   State   in   which  they   reside. 

[Amendments]    ,-■  V  '  V  ■,\-  r  :^-   I''      1       -      47 

No  State  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law  which  shall  abridge 

the.     [Amendments]    '*      1       ~      *' 

No  State  shall  deprive  any  person  of  life,  liberty,  or  prop- 

erty  without  due  process  of  law.    (Amendments] 14      1      -      '»/ 

Nor  deny  to  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  pro- 
tection of  its  laws.     [Amendments] •••  14      1      -      47 

Prises  captured  on  land  or  water.    Congress  shall  make  rules 

concerning    .••■•••■ 

Probable  cause  The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their 
persons,  houses,  papers,  and  effects  against  unreasonable 
searches  and  seizures  shall  not  be  violated,  and  no  warrant 

shall  issue  for  such  but  upon.     [Amendments] :••.•••    4      -      -      44 

Process  of  law.  No  person  shall  be  compelled  in  any  criminal 
ca.se  to  be  a  witness  against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of  life, 

liberty,  or  property  without  due.     [Amendments] 5      -      -      44 

No  State  shall  deprive  any  person  of  life,  liberty,  or  prop-  _ 

erty  without  due.     [Amendments] .14      1-4/ 

Procfss  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor.     In  all  criminal 

prosecutions  the  accused  shall  have.     [Amendments] 6      -      -      44 

Progress  of  science  and  useful  arts.    Congress  shall  have  power  ^      ,. 

to  promote  the ■. ,••■■•     '      "      '^      •'"' 

Property  of  the  United  States.    Congress  may  dispose  of  and 

make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  respecting  the  tern-     .       ,      ,      .. 

tory  or  ;• •- i;i\:: 

Property  without  due  process  of  law.  No  person  shall  be  com- 
pelled in  any  criminal  case  to  be  a  witness  against  himself ; 
nor  shall  he  be  deprived  of  his  life,  liberty,  or.     [Amend-  ^ 

ments]    ; .•.•••••••:•.••■ 

Xo  State    hall  abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  citizens 
of  the  United  States,  nor  deprive  any  person  of  his  hfe, 

liberty,    or.      [Amendments] ; ' '  V,  ' '  1  •■  i  " 

Prosccuti.ins.    The  accused  shall  have  a  speedy  and  public  trial 

in   all   criminal.      [Amendments] • ••     6      -      -      ♦» 

He  shall  be  tried  by  a  jury  in  the  State  or  district  where  the 

crime  was  committed.     [  Amendments) o      -  ** 

He  shall  be  informed  nf  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accu-  .44 

sation.     [Amendments]    .- • ;  •  •     "      "      "      ** 

He    shall    l>e    confronted    with    the    witnesses    .igamst    him. 

[Amendments]     ••.••. "      "      "      ** 

He   shall   have   compulsory   process   for   obtaininK   witnesses.  _      44 

[Amendments]     ■••■• ,;• ' '    V  ' ' ' ' 'i <      ~  44 

He  shall  have  cminsel  for  his  defense.  [Amendments] ft      -       -      '»^ 

Protection   of   the   laws.     No   State   shall   deny  to   any   person 

within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal.     [Amendments] 14       1       -      '/ 

Public  debt  <.f  the  Uniti>d  States  incurred  in  suppressme  insur- 
rection or  rebellion  ^hall  not  be  questioned.  The  validity 
of  the.     (Amendments]    '*      ^      "      ** 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


81 


P'^blic  safety  may  require  it.    The  writ  of  habeas  corpus  ^^ali  ^"^ ''*^- '^'- '■^" 
not  be   suspended,  unless   when   in   cases   of   rebellion   or 
invasion  the  ,      „      . 

shall  have  a  speedy  and.     [Amendments] g      _  44 

lubhc  use.     Private  property  shall  not  be  taken  for,  without 

just  compensation.     [Amendments] r      _  ^ 

Pumshnent  according  to  Uw.  Judgment  in  cases' of  impeach- 
ment shall  not  extend  further  than  to  removal  from,  and 
™h,l''f'"i  f°^  "ffi^:  but  the  party  convicted  shall 
nevertheless    be    liable    and    subject    to    indictment,    trial 

judgment,  and I       7      7       Ji 

Punishment  inHicted.    Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required  nor     '      "^      ^      "^^ 
excessive  hnes  imposed  nor  cruel  and  unusual.     fAmend- 

menls]    I'^mcnu 

o      -      -      45 

Q. 

Qualification  for  oMcc.    No  religious  test  shall  ever  be  required 

^s  a   -  _ 

G«<i/i/!fa<,o«j  of  electors  of  members  o'f'theSenate'shail'be'the 
same  as  electors  for  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  State 
legislature.  The  seventeenth  amendment.  [Amendments] . .  17  -  1  SO 
Qualifications  of  electors  of  members  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives  shall  be  the  same  as  electors  for  the  most 
numerous  branch  of  the  State  legislature...  1      2      1      70 

QuatificatiOHs  of  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
They  shall  be  twenty-five  years  of  age,  seven  years  a  citizen 
ot  the  United  States,  and  an  inhabitant  of  the  State  in 

which  chosen  j      2      2      20 

Q««i/i/i<oho«.t  of  Senators.  They  shall  b^'thiVty"  years' of' age 
nine  ywrs  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  an  inhabitant 

01  the  State  m  which  chosen 1      3      3      30 

Of  its  own  members.    Each  House  shall  be  the  jiidge  oit  the 

election,  returns,  and 1      5      1      31 

Of  the  President.  No  person  except  a  naturai-born  citizen  or 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States  at  the  time  of  the  adoption 
of   the   Constitution,   shall    be   eligible   to   the   office   of 

President    2      t      4      37 

Neither  shall  any  person  be  eligib'e  to  the  office  of  President 
who  shall  not  have  attained  the  ige  of  thirty-five  years 
and   been    fourteen  years   a   resident   within   the   United 

States  ,      J      ^      J7 

Of  the  Vice-President.  No  person  constitutionally  ineligible 
to  the  office  of  President  shall  be  eligible  to  that  of  Vice- 

President.     [Amendments] p      _      _      4^ 

Quartered  in  any  house  without  the  consent  of  the  owner  in 

time  >-f  peace.     No  soldier  shall  be.     [Amcndmcnt^j . . .  3      _      _      44 

Quorum  to  do  bu?me?s.    A  majority  of  each  House  shall  coii- 

ccnstitute  a   j      5      j       ^j 

But  a  smaller  number  than  a  quorum  mav  adjourn  from  rlay 
to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attemla-    c 

of  absent  members  1      5      j      jj 

Of  the  House  of  Representatives  for  choosing  a  i's  evident 
shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two-tliir(l<  of 
tin-  States,  and  a  majority  nf  all  the  States  shall  ht  neces- 
sary to  a  choice.     [.\mendments| 12      _      _      4^ 


i 


82 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


I'  i 


AST.  SBC.  a.  PAGE 

Quorum  to  elect  a  Vice-President  by  the  Senate.     Two-thirds 

of  the  whole  number  of  Senators  shall  be  a.  [Amendments]  12      -      -      46 
A  majority  of   the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to   a 

choice.      [Amendments]    12      -      -     46 

R. 

Race,  color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude.  The  right  of 
citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied  or 
abridged  by  the  United  States  or  by  any  State  on  account 
of.     (.T..nendments]    ••   "      1      -     49 

Ratification  of  amendments  to  the  Constitution  shall  be  by  the 
legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the  several  States  or  by  con- 
ventions  in   three-fourths    of    the    States,   accordmgly   as 

Congress  may  propose •  •  • ; ••     5      -      -      41 

Of  the  conventions  of  nine  States  shall  be  sufficient  to  estab- 
lish the  Constitution  between  the  States  so  ratifying  the    ^ 

Ratio  of  representation  until  the  first  enumeration  under  the 

Constitution  .'hall  be  made  not  to  exceed  one  for  every  ,      .      ^ 

thirty  thousand    •.•••, ; ; 

Ratio  of  representation  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several 
States  according  to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the 
whole  numbers  of  persons  in  each  State,  excluding  Indians 

not  taxed.    [Amendments]  ■■••• 14      2      -      48 

Ratio.  But  when  the  right  to  vote  for  Presidential  electors  or 
members  of  Congress,  or  the  legislative,  executive,  and 
judicial  officers  of  the  State,  except  for  engaging  in  rebellion 
or  other  crime,  shall  be  denied  or  abridged  by  a  State,  the 
basis  of  representation  shall  be  reduced  therein  in  the  pro- 
portion of  such  denial  or  abridgment  of  the  right  to  vote. 

[Amendments]    ::,":", V    "2-48 

Rebellion  against  the  United  States.  Persons  who,  while  hold- 
ing certain  Federal  and  State  offices,  took  an  oath  to  support 
the  Constitution,  afterwards  engaged  in  insurrection  or  re- 
bellion, disabled  from  holding  office  under  the  United  Sutes. 

[Amendments]    •• 1*      3      -      48 

But  Congress  may  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  House  re- 
move such  disability.     [Amendments] 14      3      -      48 

Debts  incurred  for  pensions  and  bounties  for  services  in  sup- 
pressing the  rebellion  shall  not  be  questioned.  [Amend- 
ments]  ••■• -14      4-48 

All  debts  and  obligations  incurred  in  aid  of  the  rebellion,  and 
all  claims  for  the  loss  or  emancipation  of  slaves,  declared 

and  held  to  be  illegal  and  void.    [Amendments] 14      4      -      48 

Rebellion  or  invasion.  The  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be 
suspended  except  when  the  public  safety  may  require  it  in 

cases  of  •.••••     '      "      2      34 

Receipts  and  expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published 

from  time  to  time.    A  regular  statement  of ■••.     1      9      7      35 

Recess  of  the  Senate.  The  President  may  grant  commissions, 
which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  the  next  session,  to  fill 

vacancies  that  may  happen  during  the 2      2      3      38 

Reconsideration  of  a  bill  returned  by  the  President  with  his  ob- 

jection«.     Proceedings  to  he  had  upon  the 1       7      2      32 

Records,  and  judicial  proccedinRS  of  every  other   State.     Full 

faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the  acts 4      1      -      40 

Congress   shall   prescribe   the   manner   of   proving   such    acts, 

records,  and  proceedings  4      1      -      40 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


83 


; 


Redress  of  grievances.    Congress  shall  make  no  law  abridging  *"^' *""  *^'" '"''** 
the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble  and  to  petition 
for  the.     I  Amendments] ,      _      _ 

Regulattons  except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  Senators  ' '  The 
time   places,  and  manner  of  holding  elections  for  Senators 

^th»5!^^r"'K '!''?-  '''^"  ^^  P'-^cnbed  by  the  legislatures 
ot  the  itates,  but  Congress  may  at  any  time  by  law  make 
or  alter  such '  1      4      i      •> 

i?^ffi.;orio«j  of  commorcc  or  revenuV/' Preference  to' the"  ports     '      ^      ^      ^1 
of  one  State  over  those  of  another  shall  not  be  given  by  any     1      9      fi      « 

Rehgion  or  prohibiting  the   free   exercise  thereof      Congress     '      ^      ^      ^5 
mentsT  respecting  the  esublishment  of .  [Amend- 

^WiTO  test  sh^i'eve; 'be' required '^raquaiificationfoV  -      -      43 

office  or  public  trust  under  the  United  States.    No. . .  6  ^i 

th^l-    'p^  ^■':,""'"='V'°"' "*"•"'«=  5a"'<=  shall  devolve  on    '^      "      "     ^l 
the  Vice-President.    In  case  of  the u  vc  on 

^^n'/ir,'""'"";    ^°  St=t?.  without  its  consent.  shalVfKsdep^ived    ^      '      ^      ^^ 
of  Its  equal  suflFrage  in  the  Senate i-    vcu 

several  States.  (This  provision  is  changed  by  the  fourteenth 
amendment,  section  2,  page  48] ....  '"""centn 

i?<^^r«r»/a*ion  until  the  first  enumeration  under  the  Constitution  '  ^  ^  ^ 

not  to  exceed  one  for  every  thirty  thousand.    The  ratio  of  1  2  1  W 

/e^^'Wfn/ar.on  m  any  State.    The  executive  thereof  shall  i?sue  '  ^  3  30 

writs  of  election  to  fill  vacancies  in  the l  5  ^  ,„ 

^f^rwn<o(wn  among  the  several  States  shall  be  according  to  '  ^  '*  ^ 
^^l  .'■«P«'^''Yf  "umbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of  per- 

or[Xre'nl'rn*tr''^'"'""^  '"''^"^  "°'  '^''-    ^'^  ^'''°  ,. 
But  where  the  right  to  vote  in  certain  Federal'  '..'nd '  State  e'lecl  '*      ^      -      48 
other  crimJ'tl?:!  *  ■'  %"''  ""^^  °"'."  ^^an  rebelHon  or 
rAmendrntl]'  '""  °'  "presentation  shall  be  reduced. 

^f^rw^«M<,V«.    Congress  shall  consist 'o'/'a 'senate 'and'iiouse  2-48 

Qualifi'cationso'f'eiecto'rs'of 'members' of' the'iiouse'of \      I      y      ^ 

No  person  shall  be  a  Representative  who  shaU  not  ha^e'at-     '      ^      2      29 
tamed  the  age  of  twenty-f^ve  years,  been  seven  years  a 
ciUzen  of  the  United   States,  and  an  inhabitant  of  the 
State  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen 170^ 

rAmeLlTh•^VPPT'°"'^='"°"««''^»^ve;ai■siat'es.  '      ^  ..  29 

CI,  „'^,"'«"aed  by  fourteenth  amendment,  section  2  paire  481  1       ?  1  70 

qh^'   h''"°l"'"'r  ^P""*"  ^"d  other  officers.    The  House  of              I  ^  ^ 

Shall  have  the  sole  power  of  impeachment.    The  House  of                   ?  '5  ,n 

^;;s^^teiAnf:r^^gi^^,i^s^-ves    ;  ;  ^ 

But  Congress  may  at  any  time  by  law  make  or  alter  such  ree,','.     ''*'•" 
lations  except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  Sena  or,      *^ 

by  lar"      '"''"'"'=*  '"'"P^"^^''°"  '"  '''^  ^^^^^^^^ 

^'''pe^e'he'i:^,:^''i'"='^""''f'^^^^  1      6      1      32 

«sTinn  of  fl  ^H^       ^""!1  ^'■""t  ''"""K  attendance  at  the 
the  s^e  ""'"•  ^"'^  '"  «"'"*^  '°  =»"'"  roturning  from 

1      6      1      32 


i 


I  :fi^- 


rt 


84 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


ART.  SEC.  CL.  PACE 


Representatives.    Shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  place  for 

onv  cripprh  or  debate.    Members  of  the  House  ot ■  • 

No  member  shall  be  appointed  during  his  term  to  any  c.vU 

»°  Sk5£  w.^?  "."i4- ?iH~^^^^^^^^  1 

tions  for  office  as.    lAmendments].....  •  .-y- ••••"••■_  •- 
Rut  Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  House,  re 
^     movf  such  dfsqualificatio,,.    [  Amendments]   ..^.^..  •  •  :^  •  ^  W      3 
i?ffwr«  and  pardons  except  m  cases  of  impeachment.     The    ^ 

NrLUshatVgrantanyietters'ofmar^^^^^^  1 

Republican  form  of  government.    The  United  states  snaii  guar 

antee  to  every  State  in  this  Union  a. . . •  •■••;;: 

And  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  invasion;  and  on  the 
aoolkadon  of  the  legislature  or  of  the  executive  (when 
the  Sture  can  not  be  convened).  »8>'";t  ''^"'""^ 

p.c,  Jid  Wofcf  j'  of  ■  theStates  and  'the  people. '  The  enumeration 
^"^the  Con' totion  of  certain  rights  shall  not  be  con^^ed 
{"  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  people.   [Amend-    ^ 

TlTe'oowers'  not  delegaied'to  the  United  States  by  the'  Consti- 

tK  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  .o 

the  States  respectively  or  to  the  people.     [Amendments].   10 

R.^ioHaf^on  or  inability  of  the  President,  the  duties  and  powers 

^"'■""'i'"'  office  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice-President    In  case  of 


6      1      32 


6     2      32 


32 
32 


1      2      36 


-      3       4 

48 

48 

3      -      48 

2      1      38 


11 

1 


4      4 


34 

35 

40 


4     4      -      40 


-     -     45 


-      -     45 


of  his 
the  death 


Congress  may  by  law 


/?^flg«a/i.)H,  or  inability  of  the  President.  ^-..„.-         .     - 

nrovide  for  the  case  of  the  removal,  death. ■■••■• 

R..S    or"vo,e  (except  on  a  question^  of _ adjournment^;-. 


''"Z^",  "^^Z.^^^  of  the  Vwo  Houses  shall,  before  it 
becomes  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  President,    l-.very  or.ler 
R.-,r«u"  shall  oH^inate  in  the  House  of   Representatives.     All 


bills  for  raising 
Ret'enue      Preference   shall  not  be  given 

State  over   those   of   another  by   any   regulations    of   com- 

merce  or   • '.'  1' '    ':_' 

Rhode  !Jand  entitled  to  one  Representative  m 

Kress • 

Right  of  petttu  n.     Congress 


to  the  ports  of  one 


the  First  Con- 


shali  make  no  law  abridging  the 
"right  of 'ihVpeople  peaceably  to  assemble  and  to  petition  for 
the  redress  of  grievances.     [Amendments] ..... .  .  . ;  •  ■  ■   .  - 


necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free  State, 
people    to   keep    and    bear    arms    shall    not 
(Amendments]     


be    infringed. 


1       5      37 
1      5      37 


3      33 
1      32 


9      6      35 
2      3      29 


44 


44 


i 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


85 


ART.  SEC.  CL.  PACK 

Rights  in  the  Constitution  shall  not  he  construed  to  deny  or  dis- 
parage others  retained  by  the  people.  The  enumerjtion  of 
certain.     [Amendments]    9 

Rights  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  nor  prohibited  to  the 
States  are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively  or  to  the 
people.      [Amendments]    10 

Rules  of  its  proceedings.    Each  House  may  determine  the 1 

Rules  and  regulations  respecting  the  territory  or  other  property 
of  the  United  States.  Congress  shall  dispose  of  and  make 
all  needful   4 

Rules  of  the  common  law.    All  suits  involving  over  twenty  dol- 
lars shall  be  tried  by  jury  according  to  the.   [Amendments]     7 
No  fact  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be  reexamined  e.xcept  according 
to  the.     [Amendments]  7 


-      -      45 


45 
31 


40 

45 


45 


Science  and  the  useful  arts  by  securing  to  authors  and  inventors 
the  exclusive  right  to  their  writings  and  discoveries.  Con- 
gress shall  have  power  to  promote  the  progress  of I      8      8      33 

Searches  and  seizures  shall  not  be  violated.    The  right  of  the 

people  to  be  secure  against  unreasonable.     [Amendments]..     4      -      -      44 
And  no  warrants  shall  be  issued  but  upon  probable  cause,  on 
oath  or  affirmation,  describing  the  place  to  be  searched  and 

the  person  or  things  ;o  be  seized.    [Amendments] 4      -      -      44 

Seat  of  government.  Congress  shall  exercise  exclusive  legisla- 
tion in  all  cases  over  such  district  as  may  become  the 1      8    17      34 

Securities  and  current  coin  of  the  United  States.    Congress  shall 

provide  for  punishing  the  counterfeiting  of  the 1      8      6      33 

Security  of  a  free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear 
arms  shall  not  be  infringed.    A  well-regulated  militia  being 

necessary  to  the.    [Amendments] 2      -      -      44 

Senate  and  House  of  Representatives.     The  Congress  of  the 

United  States  shall  consist  of  a 1      1      -      29 

Senate  of  the  Unitrd  States.  The  Senate  shall  be  composed  of 
two  Senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  legislature  for 

six  years  1      3      1      30 

[Repealed  by  the  seventeenth  amendment] 17      -      1      SO 

If  vacancies  happen  during  the  recess  of  the  legislatire  of  a 
State,  the  executive  thereof  may  make  temporary  appoint- 
ments until  the  next  meeting  of  the  legislature 1      3      2      30 

[Repealed  by  the  seventeenth  amendment] 17      -      1       SO 

The  Vice-President  shall  be  President  of  the  Senate,  but  shall 

have  no  vote  unless  the  Senate  be  equally  divided 1      3      4      31 

The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  also  a  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice-President  or 

when  he  shall  exercise  the  office  of  President 1      3      5      31 

The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachme.its. 
When   sitting  for  that  purpose  they  shall  be  on  oath  or 

affirmation  ]      3      6      31 

When  the  President  of  the  United  States  is  tried  the  Chief 
Jiistice  shall  preside;  and  no  person  shall  he  convicted 
without   the  concurrence  of   two-thirds  of   the    members 

present  1      3      6      31 

It  shall  be  the  judge  of  elections,  returns,  and  qualifications 

of  its  own  members 1      5       1       31 

A  majority  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business,  but  a 
smaller  number  may  .idjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be 
authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent  members.  .      1       5       1      31 


86  INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 

AST.  SEC.  CU  PAGI 

Senate  of  the  United  States.    It  may  determine  the  rules  of  its 

proceedings,  punish  a  member  for  disorderly  behavior,  and  c      ?      »i 

with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  expel  a  member. 1      S      ^      J* 

It  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  from  Ume  to 

time  publish  the  same,  except  such  parts  as  may  m  their  ,      ,      ,. 

judgment  require  secrecy I      S      o      Ji 

It  shall  not  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days  durmg  a  session  ,       .      „ 

without  the  consent  of  the  other  House •••     1      i      *      J^ 

It  may  propose  amendments  to  bills  for  raising  revenue,  but     ,      _      ,      „ 
such  bills  shall  originate  in  the  House  of  Representatives     1      7      1      K 

The  Senate  shall  advise  and  consent  to  the  ratification  of  all 

treaties,   provided   two-thirds   of    the    members    present     ,      7      2      38 
concur    ; .............. 

It  shall  advise  and  consent  to  the  appointment  of  ambassadors, 
other  public  mini-sters  and  consuls,  judges   of   the   bu- 
preme  Court,  and  aU  other  officers   not   herem  other-     -      o      2      38 
wise  provided  for  -. 

It  may  be  convened  by  the  President  on  extraordinary  occa-     2      3      _      38 

No  SUtV without' its' consent,  shall  'be  deprived  of  its  equal  ^ 

sufJrage  in  the  Senate  • .  • V  ' "  '.L'  ■  "  c" '  1 

Senators  shall,  immediately  after  assembhng.  under  their  first 
election,  be  divided  into  three  classes,  so  that  the  seats  ot 
one-third  shall  become  vacant  at  the  exipration  of  every     j      ^      j      30 

NrMrso/'shall'b'e'a  "Senitor'who  shall  not  be  thirty  years 
of  age,  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  an 
inhabitant  when  elected  of  the  State  for  which  he  shall  ''•^     ,      3      3      30 

The  time,  places,  and  manner  of  choosing  Senators  may  be 
fixed  by  the  legislature  of  a  State,  but  Congress  may  by 
law  make  or  alter  such  regulations,  except  as  to  the  places     j      ^      j      3^ 

of  choosing   •  .•  ■ ; , i  \l"  i 'l:,'i-' 

Senators.  If  vacancies  happen  during  the  recess  of  the  legisla- 
ture of  a  SUte,  the  executive  thereof  may  make  temporary 
appointments    until   tlie   next   meeting   of   the   legislature,     j      3      3      30 

[Amendments]    ■ • •• .7  2      SO 

[Repealed  by  the  seventeenth  amendment] 1/  -^      -^ 

They  <hnll  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony,  and  breach  of 
the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  attend- 
ance at  the  session  of  the  Senate  and  in  going  to  and  ^^ 

returning  from  the  same  : " "  'J  "  V 

And  Representatives  shall  receive  a  compensation  to  be  ascer-     .      g      ,      33 

tained  by  law   .•    -""j'i 

Senators  and  Representatives  shall  not  be  questioned  for  any 

speech  or  debate  in  either  House  in  any  other  place. ... . .     1      b      1      J<: 

No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which 
he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the 
United  States  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  of  which 
the  emoluments  shall  have  been  increased,  during  such     j      ^      3      32 

No  pVr'^on  holdingany  o'ffice  under' the  United  States  shaiu^    1      /;      2      32 
a  memi)er  of  either  House  during  his  continuance  in  office    I      6      2      S£ 

No  Senator  or  Representative  or  person  holding  an  office  ot 

trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States  shall  be  an  elector  -, 

for   President  and   Vice-President    •••••■•• ■-■    ■     ^      '      '      "^ 

Senators  and  Representatives  shall  he  bound  by  an  oath  or 

affirmation  to  support  the  Constitution 0      -      •> 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION' 


87 


_        ,  -,  .     „  ,  ^  '^T.  SEC.  CL.  PAGE 

senators.  JNo  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Representative  who 
having,  as  a_  Federal  or  State  officer,  taken  an  oath  to  sup- 
port   the    Constitution,    afterwards    engaged    in    rebclhon 

against  the  United  States.     [Amendments] 14      3      _      48 

But  Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  House, 

remove  such  disability.     [Amendments]   14      3      _      4g 

Service  or  labor  in  one  State,  escaping  into  another  State,  shall 
be  delivered  up  to  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor 
may  be  due.    Fugitives  from  4     2      3      40 

Servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for  crime,  whereof  the  party 
shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist  in  the  United 
States  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction.  Neither 
slavery  nor  involuntary.     [Amendments]   13      1      _      46 

Servitude.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote 
shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or 
by  any  State  on  account  of  race,  color,  or  previous  condi- 
tion of.    [Amendments]   15      i      _      49 

Ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace,  without  the  consent  of  Congress. 

No  State  shall  keep  troops  or 1     10      3      35 

Silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts.    No  State  shall  make 

anything  but  gold  and 1     10      1      3S 

Slave.  Neither  the  United  States  nor  any  State  shall  assume 
or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection 
or  rebellion,  or  any  claim  for  the  loss  or  emancipation  of 
any.     [Amendments]    14      4      _      48 

Slavety  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for 
crime,  whereo*  *^-  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted, 
shall  exist  in  the  United  Sta:  's,  or  any  places  subject  to  their 
juHH'    'on.    Neither.     [Amendments]    13 

Soldier  not  be  quartered,  in  time  of  peace,  in  any  house 
with'        he  consent  of  the  owner.     [Amendments] 3 

South  Ca>  .na  entitled  to  five  Representatives  in  t!'.'  First  Con- 
gress    1 

Speaker  and  other  officers.    The  House  of  Represc.  ''all 

choose   their    1 

Speech  or  of  the  press.  Congress  shall  make  no  law  abr.  ig 
the    freedom  of.      [Amendments]    1 

Speedy  and  public  trial  by  a  juiy.  In  all  criminal  prosecutions 
the  accused  shall  have  a.     [Amendments]   6 

Standard  of  weights  and  measures.    Congress  shull  fix  the 1 

State  of  the  Union.  The  President  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give 
Congress    information   of   the 2 

State  legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers  of  the 
United  States,  shall  take  an  oath  to  support  the  Constitu- 
tion.   All  members  of  the  several 6      -      3      41 

States.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any 
State,  the  executive  authority  shall  issue  writs  of  ection 
to  fill  such  vacancies.     [See  seventeenth  amendmf  -,  page 

SO]  1      2      4 

Congress  shall  have  power  to  regulate  commerce  an    ng  the 

several   1      8      3 

No  State  shall  enter  into  anv  treaty,  alliance,  or  confedera- 
tion        1     10      1 

Shall  not  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal 1     10      1 

Shall  rot  coin  money   1     10      1 

Shall  not  emit  bills  of  credit 1     10      1 

Shall  not  make  anything  hut  pold  and  silver  coin   a  tender 

in  payment  of  dehts  1     10      1      35 


1 

- 

46 

- 

- 

44 

2 

3 

30 

2 

S 

30 

- 

- 

43 

8 

s 

44 
33 

3 

_ 

38 

30 

33 

35 
35 
35 
35 


gg  INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 

AKT.  SEC.  CL.  PAGE 

States.    Shall  not  pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex  post  facto  law.  „      .      ,5 

or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts |     '"      J      ■i 

Shall  not  grant  any  title  of  nobility ■ •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  • 

Shall  not,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duties  on 

im^rtr  or  exports,  except  what  may  be  absolutely  neces-  ,35 

sary  for  executing  its  inspection  laws . .     j  J ' '   ; 

Shall  not  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  dut>  on 
tonnage,  keep  troops  or  ships  of  war  m  time  of  peace 
enter  into  any  agreement  or  compact  with  another  bta  e 
or  with  a  foreign  power,  or  engage  in  war  unless  actually 
invaded  or  in  such  imminent  danger  as  will  not  admit  "»     j     j^j      3      35 

FulMil^handcreditinevery  other' State  shall  bi  given  to 

the  public  acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceeding  of  each    ^      ^      _      ^ 

Congr«s  shaii' prescribe  the  manner  of  proving   such  acts,  ^ 

records,  and  proceedings   •   •  ■ :,•  ■  •  •.  ••; J  !  J 

Citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all  privileges  and 

immunities  of  citizens  m  the  several  States...... i      1      1      40 

New  State,  may  be  admitted  by  Congress  into  this  Unmn...     4      J      1      w 
But  no  new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  juris-  ^      ^      ^ 

diction  of  another  State •  •  •  ■  •■••;■ 

Nor  any  State  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more  btates 

or  parts  of  States,  without  the  consent  of  the  legislatures  ^      ^ 

as  well  as  of  Congress •  •.• • 

No  State  shall  be  deprived,  without  its  consent,  of  its  equal  _      ^j 

suff  race  in  the  Senate  •  •  •  •  • V- ' ' ' 

Three-fourths  of  the  legislatures  of  the  States  or  conventions 

of  three-fourths  of  the  States,  as  Congress  shall  prescribe. 

may  ratify  amendments  to  the  Constitution •     a 

The   United    States   shall   guarantee   a   republican    form   o«  ^ 

Kovernment  to  every  State  in  the  Union. ^  ^ 

They  shall  protect  each  State  against  invasion .......... .... 

And^n  application  of  the  legislature,  o'the  executive  (when 

the  legislature  can  not  be  convened),  ag;  .nst  domestic    ^      ^      _      ^ 

The'ralfficationby"  nine  States'  ^hall  be  sufficient  to 'establish 

the  ConstitutiL  between  the  States  so  ratifying  the  s^^^^^^    7      -      -      42 

When  the  choice  of   President  shall  devolve  on  the  House 

of   Representatives,  the  vote   shall  be  taken   by   States.  ^^      _      _      ^ 

But  'in'chotfnTihe "President'  'the  vote'-shali 'be'  'tak'e'n  "by 

Stotes,  the   representation   from   each   State   having  one  ^^  ^ 

A  <^Tum  K:^^orWe;ident';hail  consist  o^a  member 
^  TrTmbers  from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  major- 
ity  of    all    the    States   shall   be   necessary   to   a   choice.  ^^      _      _      4^ 

states  'o'^rTlrpetle. ' '  Powers'  i^ot  debated  to'  the  'UnUed 

States,  nor  prohibited  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the.  ^^  _      ^^ 

.«#lJ;]^1^r5^ate:'NoSta\e';hailbedep;ivedwithouriis    ^      _      _      ,^ 

■    .^raTcomlriaTwhere'thevaiuein  controversy 'shall  ex- 
"       !4dt™dol!aVc.  shallbetriedbyjury^    [Amendmentsl     7      -      -      45 
In  law  or  equity  against  one  of  the  States  by  citizens  of  an- 
nther    State    or    by    citizens    of    a    foreign    State.      The 
Judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  extend  to.   ,j       _      _      ^g 
[Amendments!    


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


Supreme  Court.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  constitute  tri- 
bunals inferior  to  the 1 

Supreme  Court,  and  such  inferior  courts  as  Congress  may  estab- 
hsh.     The  judicial  power   of  the   United   Sutes   shall  be 

vested  in  one   ^ 

The  judges  of  the  Supreme  and  inferior  courts  shall  hold 

their  omces  during  good  behavior 3 

The   compensation   of   the   judges   shall   not   be   diminished 

during  their  continuance  in  ofiice 3 

Supreme  Court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction  in  all  cases  affect- 
mg  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls,  and  in 

which  a  State  may  be  a  party.    The 3 

Shall   have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and   fact, 
with   such  exceptions  and  regulations  as  Congress  may 

make.    The .....    .. 

Supreme  la-u<  of  the  land.  This  Constitution,  the  laws  made 
in  pursuance  thereof,  and  the  treaties  f  f  the  United  States 

shall  be  the  6 

The  judges  in  every  State  shall  be  boun.i  thereby. . .   . .   .....     6 

Suppress  insurrections,  and  repel  invasions.  Congress  shall  pro- 
vide for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws 1 

Suppression  of  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be  questioned. 
The  public  debt,  including  the  debt  for  pensions  and 
bounties  incurred  in  the.     [Amendments]   14 


AIT.  SEC.  CL.  PAGE 


8      9      33 


1      -      3S 


3S 
39 


2      2      39 


3      2      2      39 


41 
41 


8    15      34 


48 


Tax  shall  be  laid  unless  in  proportion  to  the  census  or  enumer- 
ation. No  capitation  or  other  direct.  [See  sixteenth  amend- 
ment, page  49] j 

Tax  or  duty  shall  he  laid  on  articles  exported  from  any  State 
No 1 

Taxe.^  (direct)  and  Representatives,  how  apportioned  among 
the  several  States.  [See  fourteenth  amendment,  section  2, 
page  48]    1 

Taxc.f.  (direct).  Congress  shall  have  power  to  collect  taxes  on 
incomes,  from  whatever  source  derived,  without  apportion- 
ment among  the  several  States,  and  without  regard  to 
any  census  or  enumeration.  The  sixteenth  amendn.ent. 
(Amendments]    16 

Taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises.    Congress  shall  have  power 

to  lay  1 

They  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United  States.     [See 
sixteenth  amendment,  page  49) 1 

Ti-mporary  appointments  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  legisla- 
ture. If  vacancies  happen  in  the  Senate  in  the  recess  of  the 
legislature  of  a  State,  the  executive  of  the  State  shall 
make.     [Repealed  by  seventeenth  amendment,  page  50] 1 

Tender  in  payment  of  debts.  K^o  State  shall  make  anything  but 
gold   and   silver  coin   a 1 

Term  of  four  years.  The  President  and  Vice-President  shall 
hold  their  offices  for  the 2 

Term  for  which  he  is  elected.  No  Senator  or  Representative 
shall  be  appointed  to  any  office  •  nder  the  United  States 
which  shall  have  been  created  or  s  emrlnments  increased 
during  the 1 


9      5 


8      1 


35 
35 


2      3      29 


49 
33 


1      33 


3      2      30 
10      1      3S 


1       1      36 


2      32 


;  1  . 

'I 


go  INDEX  TO  THK  CONSTITUTION 

ART.  SEC.  CU  PACE 

Tcrrilon  or  other  property  of  the  United  States.    ConRrcss  shall 

Tspose   of    and   make   all   needful    rules   an<l    regulations    ^      3      ^      40 

T«(Ts^  a  "^ullitotion"  for' any"  office  oV  6      -       3      41 

hr  reauired.    No  religious 

r^l/monyof  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act.  or  on  con^ 

Tssfon   in  open  court.     No  person   shall  be  convicted  of    3      3      j      39 

ThZ%ZZ1'Z  Z^aiur^s  of  the  Sut-^VoJ-^n^em;^ 

in  three-fourths  of  the  States,  as  Congress  shall  pre.scnbe.  _      ^^ 

m.iy  rati  f  y  amendments  to  the  Constitution ..... ....  •  •  •  -  •  • 

Tic     The  Vice-President  shall  have  no  vote  unless  the  Senate    j      3      4      ., 

tJ:s  'ftaf/s  a;;j't«n.r-of-  hoidi;;g-ei^ions-V;^-Se^^ 

and   Representatives  shall  be  prescribed  m  each  State  ^V     j      ^      ,      3, 

B^oS^'^majTllnyVimebyiawmake-oralt^^^^  ,      4      ,      31 

regulat^ns.  except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  Senator.  4       1      31 

Title  of  M'y.    The  United  States  shall  not  grant  any j    ^9      8      3S 

No  State  shall  grant  any. • V'.l^'k'tite ' with- 

TilU  of  any  kind,  from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  State   wUh 

out  Ihc^on.cnt  of  Congress     No  person  holding  any  office  ^^ 

under  the  United  States  shall  accept  of  '"V- ••--,;.,•,•  ;- 
To,ma.„-  without  the  consent  of  Congress.    No  State  shall  lay     ^     ^^      ^      ^^ 

rr««iL/i»t%riideYorVhe' common  defense," '^^^  _      _      39 

rr<-al;:"'"shail  iStS  in  "levVing  "waV  against^the  Uniied 

slates   or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aul  and    3      3      ,      39 

rrra^m/"  \o  per'so'n 'shali.' iVnle;;  "on  ■  the  "teVtimony 

ne'ses  to  the  same  overt  act.  or  on  confession  in  open  court,     ^      ^      ^      ^^ 

cn;:g;:;::1^i^epowe;to;decia^th.ju,nis^^^       I  I  I  ^ 

Shall  not  work  corruption  of  blood.     Attainder  of  3      3      ^      ^ 

Shall    not   work    forfeiture,    except    during   the    life   of    the  ^      ^      ^      3^ 
person  attainted.    Attainder  of  ....•■• :  •:•■•■•••■• ' '  Vhe 
Treason    br,herx.  or  other  high  crimes  .ind  Tl""!""""""- ,/ ^ 

Pre  ident,   Vice-President,   and   all   civil   officers   shall   ^  38 

removed    r.,m  office  on  impeachment  for  and  conviction  of.  2      4      -       J» 

Tr/aZ   fTlonV^«d  breach  of  the  peaec.    Senators  and  Repro^ 
TniAtivU  shall  be  privileged  from  arrest  while  attending  or 
Sgoingtn  or  returning  from  the  sesMons  of  congress,     ,      ^      ,      33 

rr.:;;:;:^'but'rc.wenuencV-.;rapp;opriatio,;;madebyi^^      ,      9      7      35 

N„  money  ^h;'|.;;^„f-;',  ^^Te' power,  wi.hiheadvicc  and 
^'Cn'sen?^oftKn:kpro'ded';wo.thirds  of  the  Senators     ^      ^      ^      ^ 

Tli;'i;:d^i^';X;;';i:^«tendtoalicase,aris^  3      2      1      39 

Constitution,  laws,   and. . .  . .      •  •  •  •  ■  •  ■  —  ■  ■■■    ■■■ ' :„  j^. 
They  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land,  and  the  judges  ^^ 

in  everv  State  shall  be  bound  thereby....^ ;      "      .       ,       ,5 

Tr-.<v   all  anreo?  confederation,    \o  St.ite  shall  enter  mto  any     1     10      1      35 

dictment 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


91 


AKT. 

Trial  b\  iury.     All  crimes,  except   in  cases  of   impeachment, 

shall  be  tried  by  jury 3 

Such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  State  within  which  the  crime 

shall  have  been  committed 3 

But  when  not  committed  within  a  State,  the  trial  shall  be  at 

such  place  as  Congress  may  by  law  have  directed 3 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions  the  accused  shall  have  a  speedy 

and   public.     [Amendments] 6 

Suits  at  common  law,  when  the  amount  exceeds  twenty  dol- 
lars, shall  be  by.     [Amendments] 7 

Tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court.  Congress  shall  nave 
power  to  constitute    1 

Troops  or  ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace  without  the  consent  of 
Congress.    No  State  "i'lall  keep 1 

Trust  and  profit  under  tlic  United  States  shall  he  an  elector  for 
President  and  Vice-President.  No  Senator,  Representative, 
or  person  holding  any  office  of 2 

Two-thirds  of  the  members  present.  No  person  shall  be  con- 
victed on  impeachment  without  the  concurrence  of 1 

Two-thirds,  may  expel  a  member.  Each  House,  with  the  con- 
currence of    1 

Tuo-thirds.  A  bill  returned  by  the  President  with  his  objec- 
tions may  be  repassed  by  each  House  by  a  vote  of 1 

Two-thirds  of  the  Senators  present  concur.  The  President 
shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided 2 

Two-thirds  of  the  legislatures  of  the  several  States.  Congress 
shall  call  a  convention  for  proposing  amendments  to  the 
Constitution  on  the  application  of 5 

Tuo-thirds  of  both  Houses  shall  deem  it  necessary.  Congres- 
shall  propose  amendments  to  the  Constitution  whenever 5 

Two-thirds  of  the  States.  When  the  choice  of  a  President  --hall 
devolve  on  the  House  of  Representatives,  a  quorum  shall 
consist  of  a  member  or  members  from.     [Amendments]....    li 

Two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  Sen?tors.  A  quorum  of  tlu- 
Sena*','  when  choosing  a  Vice-President,  shall  consist  of. 
(Amendments]    :  ■  •    '2 

Two-thirds,  may  remove  the  disabilities  imposed  by  the  third 
section  of  the  fourteenth  amendment.  Congress,  by  a  vi^te 
of.     I  Amendments  j ■  ■    !•* 

Tuo  years.  Appropriations  for  raising  and  supporting  armies 
shall  not  be  for  a  hmger  term  than 1 

u. 

I'nion.    To  establish  a  more  perfect.     [Preamble] 

The  President  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  Congress  m 

formation  of  the  state  of  the  2 

New  States  may  be  admitted  by  Congress  into  this .     •» 

But  no  new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  juris- 
diction of  another  State  ^ 

riir.-asomlblf  searches  an<l  seizures.  The  people  shall  be  se- 
cured in  their  persons,  houses,  papers,  and  effects  aganisf. 

|.\mendments]    •  ■ ■• 

.\tu\  no  warrants  shall  be  issueil  but  u|)on  proliable  causi-, 
supported  by  oath  or  affirin.ition.  and  particidarly  clescrib- 
ing  the  place  to  be  scarchc!  and  the  persons  or  things 
to  he  seized.     {Amendments]    ^ 


SEC. 

C1-. 

PACE 

2 

3 

39 

2 

3 

39 

2 

3 

39 

- 

- 

44 

- 

- 

45 

8 

9 

33 

10 

3 

35 

1 

2 

36 

3 

6 

31 

5 

2 

31 

7 

2 

32 

2      2      38 


- 

- 

41 

- 

- 

41 

- 

- 

46 

- 

- 

46 

3 

_ 

AS 

8 

12 

34 

-  -  29 

3  38 

.^  1  40 

3  1  40 


92 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


ART.  SEC.  CL.  PACE 

Unusual  punishments  inflicted.  Excessive  bail  shall  not  be 
required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  and. 
[Amendments]    8      -      -      45 

Use  without  just  compensation.     Private  property  shall  not  be 

taken  for  public.     [Amendments] 5      -      -      44 

Useful  arts,  by  securing  for  Hniited  times  to  authors  and  in- 
ventors the  exclusive  right  to  their  writings  and  inventions. 
Congress  shall  have  power  to  promote  the  progress  of 
science  and  the  1      8     8     33 

V. 

I'acatiiies  happening  in  the  representation  of  a  State.  The  ex- 
ecutive thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  till 1      2      4      30 

CuiaHiiVj  happening  in  the  Senate  in  the  recess  of  the  legis- 
lature of  a  State.    How  tilled.     [See   seventeenth   ame'i.l- 

inent.  page  50] ■. 1      3      2      30 

I'lituHcies  that  happened  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  by 

granting  commissions  which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  ;'  v- 

next  session.    The  President  shall  have  power  to  till..       .     2      2      3      38 

I'alidily  of  the  public  debt  incurred  in  suppressing  insiirrtn.  n 

against  the  United  States,  including  debt  for  pensions  and 

bounties,  shall  not  be  questioned.     [Amendments] 14      4      -      48 

I'essels  t>ound  to  or  from  the  ports  of  one  State  shall  nut  be 

obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  duties  in  another  State 1      ^      6      35 

I'eto  of  a  bill  by  the  President.    Proceedings  of  the  two  Hou^o 

upon  the  '      7      2      32 

Vice-President  of  tlie  United  States  shall  be  President  of  the 

Senate  I      ■!      1      , 

He  shall  have  no  vote  unless  the  Senate  be  equally  divided. .     1      j      4      31 
The  Senate  shall  elect  a  President  pro  tempore  in  the  absence 

of    the    1       i      -J      ^ 

He  shall  be  chosen  for  the  term  of  four  years 2      1      1      36 

The  number  and  the  manner  of  appointing  electors  for  Presi- 
dent and •. 2      1      2      36 

In  case  of  the  removal,  death,  resignation,  or  mability  of  the 
President,  the  powers  and  duties  of  his  office  shall  de- 
volve on  the  ^      '      '      ^' 

Congress  may  provide  by  law  for  the  case  of  the  removal, 

death,  resignation,  or  inability  both  of  the  President  and.     2      1       .■>       V 
On  impeachment  for  .md  conviction  of  treason,  bribery,  and 
other  high  crimes  and   misdemeanors  shall   be  removed 

from  office.     The  .•      2      4      -      38 

The  manner  of  choosing  the.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  their 
respective  States  and  vote  by  ballot  for  President  and 
Vice-President,  one  of  whom,  at  lea-t,  shall  not  be  an 
inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with  themselves.  [.Amend- 
ments]        '^      -      -      ^5 

The  electors   shall  name,   ii   di^-tinct  ballots,   the  person 

voted  for  as  Vice-President.     [.Amendments]    12      -      -      46 

They  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  the  persons  voted  f..r  a- 
Vic.'-Prcsident,  which  li^ts  they  shall  sign  and  certify, 
and  send   -laled   to  the  scat  of  (.'ovcrnment,  directed   to 

the  President  of  the  Senate.     [Amendments]    V?  -      46 

The  PrcMdent  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the 
Senate  and  Hou^e  of  Representatives,  o;H'n  all  the  cer- 
til'catcs,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be  connte<l.  (.Amend- 
ments]    '2     -     -     46 


INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


93 


ytce-Frestdent.    The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes 
shall  be  Vice-President,  if  such  nuinbt-r  be  a  majority  of 

the  whole  number  of  electors.     |  Amendments] 12      -      -      46 

If  no  person  have  a  majority,  then  from  the  two  highest 
numbers  on  the  list  the  Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice- 
President.    1  Amendments!    12      _      _      4^ 

A  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  two-thirds  of  the 
whole  number  of  Senators;  and  a  majority  of  the  whole 
number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  (Amendments] . .  12  -  -  46 
But  if  the  House  shall  make  no  choice  of  a  President  before 
the  4th  of  March  next  following,  then  the  Vice-President 
shall  act  as  President,  as  In  the  case  of  the  death  or  other 
constitutional  disability  of  tlie  President.  [Amendments]  12  -  -  46 
No   persdn   constitutionally   ineligible   as   President    shall   be 

eligible  as.     (Amendments]  12-46 

I'uih-iui-.     The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  a 
republican    form   of   government,    and    shall    protect   each 

State  against  invasion  and  domestic 4      4      _      40 

J'lryiiiia  entitled  to  ten  representatives  in  the  First  Congress...      \      Z      i      30 

'  '!'.'■     ^-^.^^  Senator  shall  have  one   1       j       ]      30 

The    Vice-President,    unless   the    Senate   be   equally  divided. 

shall  have  no '     1      J      4      ,il 

/'"(.'  requiring  the  concurrence  of  the  two  Houses  (except  upon 
a    question    of    adjournment)     shall    be    presented    to    the 

President.     Every   order,   resolution,   or 1       7      3      33 

Shall  not  1)C  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or  by 

'ny  State  on  account  of  race,  color,  or  previous  condition 

'■'  'tude.    The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States 

to.  endments]    15       ]      _      49 

I'ute  of  t-a\      i'.rds.    Each  House  may  e.xpel  a  member  by  a 1       S      2      31 

A   bill    vetoed    by   the    President   m;)y   be   repassed    in   each 

House  by  a   1      7      2      32 

Xu  person  shall  he  convicted  on  an  impeachment  except  by  a      1      3      6      31 
Whenever   both    Hcpu^es   >hall   deem    it   necessary.    Congress 

may  propose  amendments  to  the  Constitution  by  a 5      _      _      41 

The  President  may  make  treaties,  with  the  advice  and  consent 

of  tlie  Senate,  by  a   2      2      2      38 

Disabilitie>i  incurred  liy  p.irticipatiiJii  in  in^nrrection  or  rebel- 
lion may  be  relieved  by  Congress  by  a.     (Amendments]..    14      3      -      48 

W. 

War,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and  make  rules  con- 
cerning captures  on   land  and   water.     Congress   shall  have 

power  to  make  rules  and  articles  of 1      8     14      34 

For  governing  ,.,e  laiul  and  naval  forces.    Congress  shall  have 

power  to  make  rules  and  articles  of 1       8     14      34 

.\'o    State    shall,    without    the    consent    of    Congress,    unless 
actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  d.inger  as  will  not 

admit  of  delay,   engage   in 1     10      3      3.S 

War  against  the  United  States,  adhering  to  their  inemies.  an<l 
giving   them  aid   and  cnmfort.     Trea-on   shall   consist   onlv 

ill   levying "      3       3       1       39 

Warrants    ^hall    issue    but    upon    probable    cin^c.    on    oatli    or 
affirmation,    dc^eribing    the   plaie    tn    be    searched    and    the 

persons  or  thing-  tn  be  Prized.     No.     [.\nicn(lnu'nt*( 4      -      -      44 

Weiijhts  and  mcasuris.    Congress  shall  fix  the  standard  of ...  .      1      8      5      33 


94  INDEX  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 

ABT.  SBC.  ex.  PACK 

Welfare,  and  to  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty,  etc.    To  pro-  _      _      29 

mote  the  general.     [Preamble] .."c"\i"' ''!.' 

Welfare.    Congress  shall  have  power  to  provide  for  the  com-     j      g      j      33 

„-.„r  a'^inrhtSfseff'^No  person-  shall;  ta  a  criminal  case.  _ 

be  compelled  to  be  a.  [Amendments] •.••:; "  J 

W'./hL«  apainst  him.    In  all  criminal  prosecutions  the  accused  _ 

shall  be  confronted  with  the.    [Amendments] ■  •     o 

Witnesses  in  his  favor.    In  all  crimina  prosecutions  the  accused 

shall   have   compulsory    process   for   obtaming.      [Amena-    ^      _      _      45 

ff'iJn'Pw«\o' the  same  overtactVoronconfission  in  open  court 

No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  test.-    3      3      ,      39 

of  rebelLn  or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  reqmre  It.  1      9      2      34 

Writs  o(  election  to  fill  vacancies  in  the  representation  of  any 

State     The  executive  of  the  State  shall  issue..... ••■      i      ^      "*      "^ 

(iV.»r»  opinion  of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the  Executive 

DeUrTments  on  any  suubject  rd^^^^^^^  2      2      1      37 

office.    The  President  may  require  the 

Y. 

JVa.  and  ,<axs  of  the  members  v'  either  House  shall    at  the 

desire   of   one-fifth   of    those    present,   be   entered   on    the       j       5      3    3, 

ThTv"^es  ofboih  House^'upon'thV  Vecons'.^lerationof  a  bill 

returned  t^  the   President   with   h,s   objections   sh.ill   be     ,       ^      2      32 
determined  by  


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  CARNEGIE  ENDOWMENT  FOR 
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No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

No.  4 

No.  S 

No.  6 

No.  7 


No. 

8 

No. 

9 

No. 

10 

No. 

11 

No. 

12 

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Thii 


Classics  of  International  Law 
series  will  include  the  leading  works  on  International  Law,  the  republica- 


tion of  which  has  been  undertaken  principally  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  pro- 
curing the  texts  in  convenient  form  for  scientific  study.  The  text  of  each  author 
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without  the  mistakes  which  creep  into  a  newly  printed  text.  An  Introduction  will 
be  prefixed  to  each  work,  giving  the  necessary  biographical  details  concennng  its 
author  and  stating  the  iinporUnce  of  the  text  and  its  place  in  International  Law ; 
tables  of  errata  in  the  original  will  be  added  when  necessary,  and  notes  to  clear 
up  doubts  and  ambiguities  or  to  correct  mistakes  in  the  text  will  be  supplied.  Each 
work  will  be  accompanied  by  an  English  version  made  expressly  for  the  series 
by  a  competent  translator.  James  Brown  Scott,  Director  of  the  Division  of 
International  Law,  will  supervise  these  publications  as  General  Editor. 

ZouciiK,  Richard:  Juris  et  Judicii  Fccialis,  sive,  Juris  inter  Gentes  et  Quae=- 
tionum  de  Eodem  Explicatio.    2  vols.     Price,  $4.00. 
Vol.    1.  A   Reproduction   of   tlie   Fir^t   Edition    (1650),    with   portrait  of 
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Table  of  Authors,    xvi— 204  p. 
Vol.  II.   Translation  of  the  Text,  by  J.  L.  Brierly.    xvii— 186  p. 
Ayala,    Balthazar;    De    Jure    et    Officii^    Bellicis    et    Disciplina    Militari. 
2  vols.     Price,  $7.00. 
Vol.   I.  A  Reproduction  of  the  Edition  of   1582.  with  portrait  of  Ayala. 

Introduction  by  John  VVe.-<tlake,  etc.     xxvii— 226  p. 
Vol.  II.  Translation  of  the  Text,  by  John  Pawley  Bate,    xvi— 245  p. 
Vattel,  E.  de:  Le  Droit  des  Gens.    3  vols.    Price,  $8.00. 
Vol.   I.  A   Photographic  Reproduction  of   Books   I   and   11   of   the   First 
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lix— 541  p.  and  portrait  of  Vattti. 
Vol.  II.  A  Photographic  Reproduction  of  Books  III  and  IV  of  the  First 

Edition  (1758).    xxiv— 376  p. 
Vol.   III.  Translation  of  the  Edition  of  1758   (by  Charles  G.  Fenwick), 
with  translation    (by  G.  D.  Gregory)   of   Introduction  by  Albert  de 
Lapradelle.    Ixxxviii — 398  p. 
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Ludwig  von  Bar.    2  vols.    Price,  $4.00. 
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Vol.  II.  A  Translation  of  the  Text,  by  John  Pawley  Bate,  with  Index  of 
Authors  Cited.     16a— iv — ^233  p. 
Textor.  Johann  VV'oLFGANfi :   Synopsis  Juris  Gentium.     Edited  by  Ludwig 
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vi— 148— 168  p. 
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Autliors  Cited.    26a— v — 349  p. 
Victoria,  Francisci-s  .\ :  Relectiones :  De  Indis  and  De  Jure  Belli.     Intro- 
duction by  Erne-t  N'ys.     Translated  by  John  Pawley  Bate.     Price  to 
be  announced. 


